Method and Composition Comprising Hydrolyzed Starch

ABSTRACT

A method and composition comprising hydrolyzed starch. In a first aspect, the method comprises several steps. A first step comprises combining at least a portion of pulse and a suitable enzyme to form an enzyme-pulse starting mixture. The enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises starch. A second step comprises heating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about 93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch, thereby providing a heated pulse mixture. A third step comprises extruding the heated pulse mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch and further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse mixture thereby providing a pulse product comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. In a second aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising at least a portion of pulse, and the at least a portion of pulse comprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Nonprovisional patentapplication Ser. No. 14/209,000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 14/059,566, filed on Oct. 22,2013, which is a continuation of U.S. Nonprovisional patent applicationSer. No. 12/666,509, filed on Apr. 25, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No.8,591,970, filed as Patent Application No. PCT/US2009/060016 on Oct. 8,2009, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Nonprovisional patentapplication Ser. No. 12/264,399, filed on Nov. 4, 2008, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,574,644; additionally, this application is a continuation-in-partof U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 14/209,075, which isa continuation-in-part of U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser.No. 14/059,566, filed on Oct. 22, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S.Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 12/666,509, filed on Apr. 25,2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,591,970, filed as Patent Application No.PCT/US2009/060016 on Oct. 8, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 12/264,399, filed onNov. 4, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,574,644; additionally, U.S.Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 14/209,000 is anonprovisional application of, and claims priority to, U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/783,046 filed on Mar. 14, 2013; additionally,U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 14/209,075 is anonprovisional application of, and claims priority to, U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/783,046 filed on Mar. 14, 2013; additionally,this application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Nonprovisional patentapplication Ser. No. 14/959,941, filed on Dec. 4, 2015, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No.14/209,000 and Ser. No. 14/209,075, which applications further claimpriority as indicated; additionally, this application claims priority toall of the above-referenced patent applications and incorporates all theabove-referenced patent applications by reference in their entirety asexamples.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally, for example, to food gradecompositions comprising a hydrolyzed starch. As a further illustration,the invention relates to a composition comprising at least a portion ofa grain and/or at least a portion of a pulse with hydrolyzed starch. Forexample, the present invention relates to pulse flour, grain flour, oatflour, barley flour, or bran flour (e.g., oat bran flour). The inventionalso relates to soluble grains, pulses, and/or at least a portionthereof. For example, the invention relates to food products preparedwith pulse or whole grain having soluble components (hereinafter“soluble grain flour”). As another example, the present inventionrelates to food products prepared with whole oat flour having solublecomponents (hereinafter “soluble oat flour”) or whole barley flourhaving soluble components (hereinafter “soluble barley flour”). Asanother illustration, the present invention relates to methods of makingcompositions comprising at least a portion of a grain and/or at least aportion of a pulse with hydrolyzed starch. For example, the presentinvention relates to methods of making soluble oat or barley flour.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Products comprising at least a portion of a grain and/or at least aportion of a pulse can be desirable for nutritive and/or fiber content.However, these products can also have undesirable mouthfeelcharacteristics for some consumers. For example, such products can betoo viscous, gritty, or result in a thick coating on the mouth uponconsumption. Furthermore, products comprising grain and/or pulse thathave better mouthfeel can be modified in a way that lacks certainnutritive or fiber-related components or benefits that would otherwisebe present.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the invention provides a method comprising severalsteps. A first step comprises combining at least a portion of pulse anda suitable enzyme to form an enzyme-pulse starting mixture. Theenzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises starch. A second step comprisesheating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. andabout 93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch, thereby providing aheated pulse mixture. A third step comprises extruding the heated pulsemixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch and further to gelatinize andcook the heated pulse mixture thereby providing a pulse productcomprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising atleast a portion of pulse, and the at least a portion of pulse comprisesgelatinized, hydrolyzed starch.

These and other aspects, along with advantages and features of thepresent invention herein disclosed, will become apparent throughreference to the following description and the accompanying drawings.Furthermore, it is to be understood that the features of the variousembodiments described herein are not mutually exclusive and can exist invarious combinations and permutations. Every component of eachembodiment of the invention is not shown where illustration is notnecessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand theinvention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a proximate composition of unprocessed and processedwhole oat flour.

FIG. 2 depicts the viscosity of oat flour and soluble oat flour slurriesafter hydration.

FIG. 3 depicts the analysis of lipid oxidation product (“LOP”) invarious hydration conditions for soluble oat flour.

FIG. 4 is a photograph illustrating the amount of sedimentation observedwhen regular oat flour is mixed in cold water versus when the solubleoat flour is mixed with cold water.

FIG. 5 depicts viscosity of instant hot beverages containing unprocessedoat flour and soluble oat flour after the beverages cool down.

FIG. 6 depicts the viscosity of oat flour and soluble oat flour slurriesafter boiling in water for three (3) minutes.

FIG. 7 is a photograph illustrating the antifoaming properties observedwhen the soluble oat flour is included in a slushie.

FIG. 8 depicts the viscosities of a full fat dip, a 50% reduced fat dip,and a 50% reduced fat dip containing soluble oat flour.

FIG. 9 depicts a block flow diagram illustrating one embodiment of aprocess for producing a composition comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzedstarch.

FIG. 10 depicts a schematic flow chart illustrating one embodiment of aprocess for producing a composition comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzedstarch.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Oatmeal has for many years been a staple of the human diet due to itshealth benefits. For example, numerous studies have shown that eatingoatmeal on a daily basis can help lower blood cholesterol, reduce riskof heart disease, promote healthy blood flows as well as maintainhealthy blood pressure levels. Additionally, oatmeal has a high contentof complex carbohydrates and fibers, which facilitates slow digestionand stable blood-glucose levels.

With today's hectic lifestyle, consumers are demanding convenience, suchas portability and ease of preparation. Consumers desire oatmeal from avariety of food sources including beverages and convenience foods suchas bars, cookies, crackers, smoothies, shakes (e.g., breakfast shakes),and the like.

For example, it can be desirable to prepare a whole oat product that hassufficient soluble fiber to meet the FDA threshold necessary to justifya health claim. For example, a whole oat or barley product must have0.75 g soluble beta-glucan fiber per serving of food to support a healthclaim under 21 C.F.R. 101.81, which is incorporated herein by referenceas an example. To prepare an oat beverage that contains at least 0.75 gsoluble oat fiber per serving (about 18 g of whole grain oats), it canbe beneficial to use highly dispersible oat flour that also retains itswhole grain standard (e.g., highly soluble whole grain oat flour).“Studies show that eating whole grains instead of refined grains lowersthe risk of many chronic diseases. While benefits are most pronouncedfor those consuming at least 3 servings daily, some studies show reducedrisks from as little as one serving daily.”http://wholegrainscouncil.org/whole-grains-101/what-are-the-health-benefits.Note that 1 full serving of whole grain is 16 g.

The inventors have determined that it would be useful to producedifferent types of food products that are made with certain componentsand/or characteristics, for example, healthier components or componentshave suitable and/or desirable characteristics for consumers ormanufacturers. As an example, it can be desirable to produce whole grain(e.g., whole oat or barley) flour that is highly dispersible in liquid,semisolid, or solid media, and maintains its standard of identity aswhole grain.

In some embodiments, aspects of the invention relate to food productscontaining highly dispersible, soluble whole oat flour. The solublewhole oat flour maintains its standard of identity as whole grain andthus has the characteristics of whole grain oats.

In some embodiments, aspects of the present invention relate to the useof the soluble oat flour in various food products including liquid foodproducts such as beverages, semi-solid food products such as yogurt, andsolid food products such as bakery items in order to provide enhancedhealth benefits.

In some embodiments, the present invention relates to productscomprising grains and pulses with hydrolyzed starch. For example, insome embodiments, the invention provides a soluble whole grain flour. Asan illustration, the soluble whole grain flour can be prepared using anextruder or other suitable continuous cooker. In some embodiments, theprocess is easier, less expensive, and less time-consuming than priorart processes. An example of a process for preparing a grain flourcomprising hydrolyzed starch (e.g., soluble oat or barley flour) isfound in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/264,399 filed Nov. 4, 2008and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,574,644 on Nov. 5, 2013, the contents ofwhich is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety asan example. In one embodiment, a method of producing soluble oat orbarley flour comprises using a pre-conditioner and an extruder or othersuitable continuous cooker.

In some embodiments, the soluble whole oat flour (or other whole grain)made in accordance with the methods described herein maintains itsstandard of identity as whole grain throughout processing (e.g., starchhydrolysis, pelletizing, drying, and/or grinding). “Whole grain” or“standard of identity as whole grain” shall mean that the cereal grain,for example, oat, “consists of the intact, ground cracked or flakedcaryopsis, whose principal anatomical components—the starchy endosperm,germ and bran—are present in approximately the same relative proportionsas they exist in the intact caryopsis.” (See, AACC International'sDefinition of “Whole Grains,” approved in 1999, available athttp://www.aaccnet.org/initiatives/definitions/pages/wholegrain.aspx(last accessed Feb. 11, 2016).) Further, if the principal nutrients(i.e., starch, fat, protein, dietary fiber, beta-glucan, and sugar) arepresent in approximately the same relative proportions for a partiallyhydrolyzed grain and the original grain, it can be assumed that theprocessed grain (e.g., the partially hydrolyzed grain) maintains itswhole grain status. However, since the average molecular weight ofstarch (e.g., amylopectin) in whole grains varies widely across thevarious types of whole grains (e.g., 1-400 million Dalton) and evenamong whole grain oat products, a shift in starch moieties from highermolecular weight to lower molecular weight does not alter whole grainstatus if the total starch content remains the same.

As shown, for example, in FIG. 1, the processed oat flour made inaccordance with the instant disclosure maintains substantially the samelevels of starch, protein, fat, total dietary fiber (TDF), glucan, sugarand maltose as the unprocessed oat flour when considered in terms ofrelative mass ratios of the components to starch. As used herein a massratio of X (e.g., starch) to Y (e.g., protein) in a composition (e.g.,whole grain) is equal to the mass of X in the composition divided by themass of Y in the composition. For example, in one embodiment illustratedin FIG. 1, the processed oat flour made in accordance with the instantdisclosure experiences a change in the mass ratio of protein to starchof about −0.0038, a change in the mass ratio of fat to starch of about−0.0002, a change in the mass ratio of TDF to starch of about −0.0028, achange in the mass ratio of beta-glucan to starch of about −0.009, achange in the mass ratio of sugar to starch of about 0.0034, and nomeasurable change in the mass ratio of maltose to starch. Furthermore,in one embodiment the processed oat flour made in accordance with theinstant disclosure experiences a relative change in the mass ratio ofprotein to starch of about −0.016, a relative change in the mass ratioof fat to starch of about −0.002, a relative change in the mass ratio ofTDF to starch of about −0.016, a relative change in the mass ratio ofbeta-glucan to starch of about −0.013, a relative change in the massratio of sugar to starch of about 0.416, and no measurable relativechange in the mass ratio of maltose to starch. As can be seen, theabsolute change in the mass ratio is the better indicator of whetherwhole grain status is maintained because components that are initiallypresent in small amounts can have significant relative increases (e.g.,sugar or specific sugars such as maltose). However, when considered as amass ratio of the component to other components at higher massconcentrations, the change is negligible. Put another way, in someembodiments starch is originally present, for example, at around 50 wt.% or more of a composition while sugar is only present at around 1 wt. %or less.

Accordingly, if a small percentage of the original mass of starch isconverted to sugar, or if there is a small measurement error, then therecan be what appears to be a significant change in the amount of sugar asmeasured relative to the original amount of sugar, but for practicalpurposes the absolute change in sugar is negligible (e.g., the totalchange of a component in wt. % is no more than about 3 wt. % and thechange in the absolute mass ratio of the component to starch is no morethan about 0.03). This is so because the total content of the principalnutrients can naturally vary among crops for an unprocessed grain. As aresult, a certain degree of tolerance, as illustrated above, can beallowed in determining that the principal nutrients are present in thesame relative proportions for a partially hydrolyzed grain and theoriginal grain. In some embodiments, the degree of tolerance isequivalent to the naturally occurring variance in the mass ratios of theprincipal nutrients to starch in a species or variety of grain.Furthermore, a shift from high molecular weight starch (e.g.,amylopectin) to low molecular weight starch (e.g., amylopectin) does notchange the total starch content and does not impact whole grain status.

The term “soluble flour” (e.g., “soluble pulse flour,” “soluble grainflour,” soluble whole grain flour,” “soluble bran flour,” “soluble oatflour,” or “soluble whole grain oat flour”) refers to flour thatmaintains soluble components such as beta-glucan but also is highlydispersible in liquids such as water. The dispersibility of the flourwas measured in water observing formation of a lump and size of thelumps on the top and bottom of the water after stirring for five (5)seconds. “Highly dispersible” therefore means that there are no lumpspresent or formed after stirring the mixture for about 5 seconds. As theskilled artisan would recognize, stirring can also be interchanged withshaking or some other specific movement to incorporate and mix the flourinto the liquid.

The term “regular oat flour,” “typical oat flour,” and “unprocessed oatflour” refers to whole oat flour that is made by conventional ortraditional milling methods and not “soluble oat flour” or oat flourmade in accordance with the methods described herein, unless otherwiseclear from context. For example, a whole oat flour with hydrolyzedstarch (e.g., soluble oat flour made using the methods described herein)can still qualify as a whole oat flour. Accordingly, the term “whole oatflour” in isolation can refer to unprocessed whole oat flour or wholeoat flour in which starch has been hydrolyzed without converting thestarch to monosaccharides and disaccharides. For example, as discussedearlier, the soluble whole oat flour (or other whole grain) made inaccordance with the methods described herein can maintain its standardof identity as whole grain throughout processing.

Also, for purposes of illustration, the invention is described withreference to “oat” or “barley” embodiments. However, in someembodiments, an “oat” component or “barley” component is replaced withanother component or group of components that comprise starch. Forexample, in some embodiments, an “oat” component or “barley” componentis replaced with at least one component selected from the groupconsisting of “grains,” “one and only one grain,” “pulses,” “one andonly one pulse,” “a portion of a grain,” “a portion of a pulse,” andcombinations thereof.

Furthermore, for purposes of illustration, some embodiments aredescribed with reference to soluble flour. Examples of soluble flourinclude flour made from soluble grain (e.g., wheat, oat, barley, corn,white rice, brown rice, barley, millet, sorghum, rye, triticale, teff,spelt, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, kaniwa, cockscomb, green groat andcombinations thereof) and flour made from soluble pulse (e.g., peas,lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans,kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pinkbeans and combinations thereof). When the term soluble flour is used,flours of any of these whole grains, pulses, a portion of any of thesegrains, a portion of any of these pulses, and/or any combination thereofcan be substituted as applicable in context.

With respect to the products of the soluble oat flour made in accordancewith the methods disclosed herein, the term “hot beverage” or “hotcomestible” shall mean a beverage or comestible that is typically servedor consumed between about 55° C. and 85° C. Similarly “cold beverage” or“cold comestible” as used herein shall refer to a beverage or comestiblethat is typically served or consumed between about 4° C. and 25° C. Theskilled food technician would recognize, however, that although thebeverages and comestibles are intended to be consumed at the temperatureranges discussed above, the respective beverages and comestibles can beserved and consumed at temperatures outside of these ranges based onconsumer preference or circumstance.

Initially, enzyme-treated oat or barley flour can be prepared bycombining a whole oat or barley flour starting mixture and a suitableenzyme solution in a mixer (e.g., a pre-conditioner) and then heatingthe mixture. The enzyme-treated mixture is then subjected to anextrusion process to gelatinize, hydrolyze, and cook the oat or barleyflour mixture. In some embodiments, a suitable amount of time isprovided before extrusion. Then, after a suitable amount of time tobegin to break down and hydrolyze the oat or barley flour, theenzyme-treated mixture is subjected to an extrusion process to continueto break down and hydrolyze the oat or barley flour and to gelatinizeand cook the mixture.

A suitable starting mixture can be prepared by combining the whole oator barley flour with other desired ingredients. For example, a typicalstarting mixture contains whole oat or barley flour and granulatedsugar. Maltodextrin and/or at least one antioxidant can also be added.

The whole oat or barley flour can be present in an amount of about 1% toabout 100% or about 50% to about 100% by weight of the total weight ofthe starting composition. In further aspects, the whole oat flour can bepresent in amounts of about 80% to about 95% by weight or about 90% toabout 95% by weight.

The sugar can be any suitable sugar known to those skilled in the art.Non-limiting examples of sugars include sucrose, fructose, dextrose,other sugars known in the art, and combinations thereof. Typically, thesugar is present in an amount of about 0% to about 15%, about 1% toabout 15%, or about 3% to about 15% by weight of the total weight of thestarting composition. In further aspects, the sugar is present inamounts of about 3% to about 7% by weight.

The maltodextrin can be present in an amount of about 0% to about 15% byweight of the total weight of the starting composition. In furtheraspects, the maltodextrin is present in amounts of about 3% to about 7%by weight.

The antioxidant can be any suitable antioxidant such as mixed naturaltocopherols or artificial antioxidant such as BHT and BHA. Theantioxidant can be present in an amount from 0.1% to 2% by weight. Infurther aspects, the antioxidant can be present in amounts of about0.25% to about 0.75% by weight.

A suitable, but non-limiting, flour mix formula for extrusion process.

Ingredient % Whole oat flour 89.35 Sugar 5.00 Maltodextrin 5.00 Mixedtocopherols 0.50 α-amylase 0.15 Total 100.00

The enzyme can be any suitable enzyme to hydrolyze the starch in the oator barley flour and does not change or adversely affect the beta-glucanthat is present in the oat or barley flour. Suitable enzymes includeα-amylase in the range of about 0.01-0.5%, for example about 0.1-0.2%.In one aspect of the present disclosure, the α-amylase used can beValidasea 1000 L having approximately 1,000,000 MWU/g (MWU−ModifiedWohlgemuth Unit). Whether the beta-glucan has changed by the hydrolysiscan be determined by any suitable method such as by analyzing thestructure of the beta-glucan. This can be done by laser light scatteringmass spectroscopy. The enzyme can be added to water to form an enzymewater solution. Then the enzyme-water solution can be combined with thestarting mixture in the pre-conditioner.

In some embodiments, the starting mixture and enzyme solution is heatedto at least about 120° F. (48.89° C.), 140° F. (60° C.), 200° F. (93.33°C.), or 212° F. (100° C.), or between about 120° F. (48.89° C.) andabout 200° F. (93.33° C.), for example, between about 140° F. (60° C.)and about 180° F. (82.22° C.), e.g., 165° F. (73.89° C.) for about 3 to5 minutes to initiate gelatinization of starch. The enzyme then reactson gelatinized starches to hydrolyze (e.g., break down) some of thestarch molecules, for example, the high molecular weight amylopectinstarch fractions (e.g., having an average molecular weight of5.8-6.2×10⁶ Dalton) into low molecular weight starch molecules, forexample, low molecular weight amylopectin starch fractions (e.g., havingan average molecular weight of 1.7-2.0×10⁶ Dalton).

In some embodiments, the starting mixture and enzyme solution can bemixed in any suitable vessel such as a high speed mixer that permitsliquid to be added to free-flowing flour. In some embodiments, thesuitable vessel is called a preconditioner. The output is a free-flowingwetted flour mixture having a moisture content of about 25 to about 40%.The residence time is the time sufficient to obtain the desired resultand typically 1 to 5 min.

The enzyme-treated mixture is subsequently added to an extruder(continuous cooker) to gelatinize, hydrolyze, and cook the starch. Themixture resides in the extruder for a time sufficient to gelatinize andcook the starch, but not long enough to dextrinize or otherwise modifythe starch to void the whole grain aspect, generally at least 30 secondsor at least 1 minute, typically, about 30 seconds to about 1.5 minutesor about 1 to about 1.5 minutes, to form a dough. Generally, thematerial is heated from an initial inlet temperature to a final exittemperature in order to provide the energy for starch gelatinization.

Starch gelatinization requires adequate water and heat. In someembodiments, the gelatinization temperature range for grains (e.g.,oats, barley, wheat, etc.) is 127° F. to 160° F. (53-71° C.), or 127° F.to 138° F. (53-59° C.). If the moisture is less than about 60% thenhigher temperatures are required.

Heat can be applied through the extruder barrel wall such as with ajacket around the barrel through which a hot medium like steam, water oroil is circulated, or electric heaters imbedded in the barrel. Typicallythe extrusion occurs at barrel temperatures between 140° F. (60° C.) and350° F. (176.67° C.), for example between 175° F. (79.44° C.) and 340°F. (171.11° C.), about 180° F. (82.22° C.)-300° F. (148.89° C.), orabout 270° F. (132.22° C.) to about 310° F. (154.44°), or about 290° F.(143.33° C.). In some embodiments, the extrusion occurs at barreltemperatures between 140° F. (60° C.) and 300° F. (148.89° C.), orbetween 140° F. (60° C.) and 250° F. (121.11° C.). For example, in oneembodiment, the wall temperature of the extruder barrel at the end ofthe extruder is about 280° F. (137.78° C.) to 300° F. (148.89° C.), orabout 290° F. (143.33° C.), which can be useful to ensure that ahydrolysis-catalyzing enzyme is deactivated. Although, after readingthis disclosure, a person skilled in the art would recognize thatenzymes (e.g., amylases or cellulases) can be deactivated at differenttemperatures depending on which type of amylase or cellulase is used.Additionally, in some embodiments, the dough temperatures areapproximately between 212° F. (100° C.) and 260° F. (126.67° C.).

Heat is also generated within the material by friction as it moveswithin the extruder by the dissipation of mechanical energy in theextruder, which is equal to the product of the viscosity and the shearrate squared for a Newtonian fluid. Shear is controlled by the design ofthe extruder screw(s) and the screw speed. Viscosity is a function ofstarch structure, temperature, moisture content, fat content and shear.The temperature of the dough increases in the extruder to about 212° F.(100° C.) to 350° F. (176.67° C.) or about 212° F. (100° C.) to 300° F.(148.89° C.). Although, in some embodiments, the dough temperatures areapproximately between 212° F. (100° C.) and 260° F. (126.67° C.).

Extrusion conditions are chosen to adequately heat the extrudate to thedesired temperature at the desired moisture content. Excessive cookedgrain flavor can be generated if the combination of time and temperatureof the extrudate exceeds some optimum. For some embodiments the moisturecontent of the extrudate is about 28% to about 33% with a walltemperature after the final barrel section is about 280° F. (137.78° C.)to about 330° F. (165.56° C.) or about 280° F. (137.78° C.) to about305° F. (151.67° C.). Inadequate water addition for may result indextrinization of the starch in the extrudate. For example, in oneembodiment, low shear is applied to the mixture in the extruder. In someembodiments (e.g., where the enzyme has preconditioned the starch), highshear is not required. Additionally, in some embodiments, high shearmakes it difficult to control the degree of hydrolysis. It can alsoincrease the dough temperature excessively, which can overcook itresulting in too much cooked grain flavor. As another example, highshear can dextrinize the starch, which can be undesirable in someembodiments. It is noted that the barrel temperature and the doughtemperature can be different.

In some embodiments, the process balances limiting the dough temperatureto avoid too much cooked grain flavor and to keep the enzyme active. Forexample, the process can be balanced such that the dough temperaturerises to a sufficient temperature to deactivate the enzyme. Suchtemperatures are at least 280° F. (137.78° C.), generally 212° F. (100°C.) to about 330° F. (165.56° C.), or about 212° F. (100° C.) to 300° F.(148.89° C.). A low shear extrusion process is characterized relative tohigh shear extrusion by high moisture and a low shear screw designversus low moisture and a high shear screw design.

Any suitable extruder can be used including suitable single screw ortwin screw extruders. Typical, but not limiting, screw speeds are200-350 rpm (e.g., 200-300 rpm).

The resulting product can be pelletized using a forming extruder anddried, typically to about 1.5 to about 12%, or about 1.5 to about 10%,for example 6.5 to 8.5%, moisture content by weight. The pellets can begranulated to a max 5% through a US 40 screen. The particle size of theresulting granulated product is about 10-500 microns, for instance,about 1-450 microns, more particularly about 30-420 microns. Although,in some embodiments, the pellets are granulated to a max 85% through aUS 30 screen.

Jet milling can be used to mill the pellets produced in accordance withaspects of the present disclosure. Jet milling creates ultrafineparticles. In particular, jet milling reduces the particle size of thepelletized soluble grain flour (e.g., oat, barley, or wheat flour) toless than about 90 micron, for example, less than about 50 microns, suchas about 46 microns. As one of ordinary skill in the art wouldrecognize, alternative milling processes can be used to reduce theparticle size or micronize the flour to, 0.5-50 microns, such as between10 to 50 microns.

The resulting soluble grain flour (e.g., oat flour) includes beta-glucansoluble fiber, such as beta-1, 3-glucan, beta-1, 6-glucan, or beta-1,4-glucan or mixtures thereof. In addition to beta-glucan naturallypresent in the grain (e.g., oats), beta-glucan can also be added asapproved by the FDA. In certain embodiments, the grain (e.g., oat flour)preferably contains at least about 3%, at least about 4%, or about 3% to5% or about 3.7% to 4% beta-glucan on a dry weight basis. In certainembodiments, the grain (e.g., oat flour) containing liquid, semi-solid,or solid product contains 0.1% to about 1.5% beta-glucan, or about 0.8%to 1.3% beta-glucan. Other amounts of beta-glucan are also useful.Additionally, in some embodiments, the grain (e.g., oat flour) cancontain at least about 8%, 9%, or 10% or about 8% to about 12% totaldietary fiber by weight. Furthermore, for example, in accordance with 21CFR 101.81 a whole oat flour can be produced from 100 percent dehulled,clean oat groats by steaming and grinding, such that there is nosignificant loss of oat bran in the final flour, the final flourprovides at least 4% beta-glucan on a dry weight basis, and the finalflour provides at least 10% total dietary fiber on a dry weight basis.

In some embodiments, the soluble grain flour (e.g., oat flour) dispersesin less than about 5 seconds in a liquid media at 25° C.

The product (e.g., soluble oat or barley flour) prepared in accordancewith the process described above can be utilized in a variety ofproducts such as: fruit juices, dairy beverages, carbonated soft drinks,ready-to-drink (RTD) beverages (for example, dairy-based beverages andjuice-based beverages); powders such as for cold and hot instantbeverages, instant pudding, custards, mousses, or gelatin, or as anadditive to smoothies or shakes for example; dairy products such asyogurt, ice cream, oat-milk, and processed cheeses such as cream cheese;bakery products such as crackers, cookies, muffins, breads, pizza crust,bagels, cakes, crepes, and pancakes; ready-to-eat (RTE) snacks such aspudding, fruit leather, and fruit gel snacks; starters or side dishessuch as soups (including, without limitation instant soups andready-to-eat soups) and congee; seasoning mixes, dressings, and sauces;grain-based foods such as upma and hummus; meat-based foods such as meatballs; polenta; and fillings for food products such as mousse, cream,and fudge. The soluble oat or barley flour can also be used as texturemodifiers for bakery products or as a replacement for gums, such as guargum, for instant oatmeal products. Moreover, the soluble oat or barleyflour can be used as a fat replacer in products such as cream-baseddips. This list is not all-inclusive and one skilled in the art wouldrecognize that the soluble oat or barley flour can be added to otherbeverages and food products in accordance with the invention.

In some embodiments, a beverage, for example, contains from about 1% toabout 25% soluble oat or barley flour and from about 70% to about 95%total water, typically about 75% to about 90% total water, based onweight of the total drinkable beverage. The balance can containsweeteners, flavors, fruits and other materials as desired.

The water should be suitable for use in food. The total water can comein part or in whole from other parts of the drinkable food, especiallyif milk, juices, or other water containing components are used. Forinstance, the milk can be dairy (e.g., whole, 2%, 1%, or non-fat) ornon-dairy (e.g., soy). The milk can also be produced from powdered milkand water.

The beverage can also include a fruit component. The fruit component caninclude fruit juice, yogurt containing fruit, fruit puree; fresh fruit,fruit preserves, fruit sorbet, fruit sherbet, dried fruit powder, andcombinations thereof. Typically, the fruit component has particlessufficiently small that the component can be safely swallowed withoutchewing. The fruit component and/or an added acidulant can be adjustedto obtain a desired pH, for example a pH of less than about 4.6.

Food products include cereals and ready-to-eat snack bars. A suitableamount of the granulated product is added to the food mixture.

Additional ingredients can be added to the beverage and food products.Such ingredients can include non grain-based ingredients. For example,flavoring agents, coloring agents, sweeteners, salt, as well as vitaminsand minerals can be included. In one embodiment of the invention,flavoring agents such as strawberry, chocolate or cinnamon flavor isadded to enhance the taste of product. Other fruit flavoring agent canalso be useful to provide different tastes to the food product, forexample, strawberry, mango and banana and mixtures thereof. Spices, inparticular, cinnamon, can be used. In addition, any desired flavor orflavors can be used. Suitable sweeteners—artificial or natural can beadded in the food product to provide a desired sweetness. For example,brown sugar, maple sugar or fruit sugar can be used. The non-grain basedfood component can be added in the range of about 10 to 75 wt % of thetotal weight of the product.

Other optional ingredients, include, but are not limited to, salt,hydrocolloids, polysaccharides, thickeners, caffeine, dairy, coffeesolids, tea solids, herbs, nutraceutical compounds, electrolytes,vitamins, minerals, amino acids, preservatives, alcohol, colorants,emulsifiers, and oils as known in the art.

The soluble oat or barley flour includes beta-glucan soluble fiber, suchas beta-1, 3-glucan, beta-1, 6-glucan, or beta-1, 4-glucan or mixturesthereof. In addition to beta-glucan naturally present in the oats orbarley, beta-glucan can also be added as approved by the FDA. In certainembodiments, the oat flour preferably contains at least about 3% to 5%or about 3.7% to 4% beta-glucan. In certain embodiments, the oat flourcontaining liquid product contains 0.1% to about 1.5% beta-glucan, orabout 0.8% to 1.3% beta-glucan. Other amounts of beta-glucan are alsouseful.

As described, the present invention provides both healthy drinkable andedible beverage and food products which are convenient to consumeon-the-go, making it especially appealing to consumers with today'shectic lifestyle. Some embodiments of the invention will now bedescribed with reference to examples of food and/or beverage products.

In one embodiment, a cracker formula is typically made using whole wheatflour or wheat gluten. Instead the formula would be replaced with thishydrolyzed oat flour (e.g., soluble oat flour) to improve nutritionalbenefits (heart health) as well as provide adequate strength to thedough be sheeted and cut into crackers. The formula would include:

Modified corn starch 10.00 Oat flour, Hydrolyzed 48.00 Oat flakes, oldfashioned 17.00 Brown sugar, free-flowing 12.00 Malt powder, Briess#10001 4.00 Lecithin, powdered, Centrolex 2.00 Sodium aluminum phosphate0.80 Sodium bicarbonate 0.70 Salt, flour 0.50 Corn Oil, with TBHQ, ADM5.00 Total 100.00

As another example, one embodiment of the invention provides a formulafor oat ice cream comprising hydrolyzed oat flour (e.g., soluble oatflour) as follows.

Ingredient % 2% Milk 87.0 Oat flour, hydrolyzed 6.5 Sugar 5.4 Cocoapowder 0.8 Flavor 0.2 Modified starch 0.1 Total 100.0

It was discovered that the use of the soluble flour (e.g., a solubleflour comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of pulse,grain, at least a portion of pulse and/or at least a portion of grain,for example bran) prepared in accordance with the method described aboveprovides unexpected processing improvements and properties overunprocessed oat flour or soluble oat flour prepared by other methods.

For example, flour used in RTE or RTD products is typically pasteurizedor sterilized in order to kill microorganisms that could cause diseaseor spoilage. This high heat process ensures that the flour is safe andhealthy to consume. Such pasteurization and sterilization cannot beeasily done on dry flour. Hence, prior to pasteurization orsterilization, the flour needs to be completely hydrated to ensureappropriate heat transfer through the flour during the kill step. Fullhydration and complete gelatinization of the flour are desired to ensurethe viscosity of the product will not dramatically increase duringfurther processing.

Native flour is typically hydrated by dispersing the flour in water andheating the slurry using an appropriate time and temperature combinationthat results in starch gelatinization. Typically the temperature is 90°C. and the time to hydrate fully is at least 25 minutes. Lower hydrationtemperatures will require longer times. Then the slurry needs to becooled down to blend the other ingredients. Then the flour slurry can bepasteurized or sterilized by any suitable means such as High TemperatureShort time (HTST) pasteurization or Ultra High Temperature (UHT)sterilization. Pasteurization or sterilization can be a useful or anecessary step for RTD or RTE liquid or semi-solid foods.

It was discovered that soluble flour made in accordance with the processdescribed above hydrates without the need of a lengthy heating processof standard or typical grain flour (e.g., oat, barley, or wheat flour).For example, in flour comprising at least a portion of a grain (e.g.,bran, whole grain, etc.) and/or a pulse, the quality of the at least aportion of the grain and/or pulse is maintained, that is the integrityof the flour is maintained throughout the process. Accordingly, in someembodiments, although starch molecules in the flour can be hydrolyzed tosmaller starch molecules with smaller molecular weights, the relativemass ratio of the starch to other components in the flour remainssubstantially constant, or essentially constant, or constant. As anillustration, when the flour is a grain flour, whole grain status can bemaintained throughout the process (e.g., hydrolysis, pelletizing,grinding, and/or milling process). With soluble flour, the flour can behydrated at a lower temperature, for example, the temperature can bearound chilled to room temperature, typically 4 to 30° C. reducing thetotal processing time by 1.5 hours. Typically the amount of solubleflour in the water is 2 wt. % to 10 wt. %, or 3 wt. % to 9 wt. %, or 4wt. % to 8 wt. %. Then the flour can be further processed to prepare theRTE or RTD product (for example, by pasteurization).

Furthermore, it was discovered that after hydration, a slurrycomprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a water andflour with gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch (e.g., the soluble flourslurry) has a much lower viscosity compared to a standard or typicalflour slurry. For example, the soluble oat flour slurry has a much lowerviscosity (in relative and/or absolute terms) compared to standard ortypical oat flour slurry. Attention is drawn to FIG. 2 whichdemonstrates that standard oat flour produced a much higher viscositythan soluble oat flour especially at higher concentrations of oats. Infact, the viscosity of the soluble oat flour slurry at 8 wt. % oats islower than the viscosity of oat flour at 4 wt. % oat concentration.

Such improved viscosity and hydration results were not expected and hasthus allowed the soluble flour to be used in products to provide betterproperties such as better hydration and mixing properties, particularlywithout the need of elevated temperatures. The viscosity of hydratedsoluble oat flour in water in amounts of 2 wt. % to 10 wt. % willgenerally range from 100 to 1600 cp at 24° C.

For typical oat flours, high shear mixing must be used with the hydratedflour prior to adding to beverage ingredients, to reduce viscosity.Because of the relatively low viscosity of the soluble oat flour, thereis no need for such a high shear mechanical process step to reduceviscosity driven by starch. Gentle mixing is sufficient.

Therefore, benefits of using soluble flour, for example, soluble grainflour, for beverages instead of typical flour, for example, typicalgrain flour (e.g., typical oat flour), include simplified manufacturingprocesses and less capital investment for heating, mixing and coolingequipment.

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, is very effective indairy beverages because no high temperature heating is required. Asdiscussed above, typically high temperature and time is involved ingrain flour hydration (e.g., oat flour hydration, barley flourhydration, etc.). If one wants to use typical grain flour (e.g., typicaloat flour) in a dairy beverage, it is recommended to hydrate the grainflour (e.g., the oat flour) in water because heating fluid milk to thehigh temperatures required for hydration results in cooked milk flavors.To be able to produce a beverage with high concentration of dairycomponents, the dairy components must be added as a dairy powder. Incontrast, soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, allowshydration to occur directly in the fluid milk, producing a product withbetter sensorial properties, for instance, a fresher flavor isassociated with the product since the cold milk has not been subjectedto a severe heat hydration treatment and therefore does not have thecooked notes commonly associated with heat treating milk. Attention isdrawn to U.S. Ser. No. 13/547,733 which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety as an example and which describes the benefitsof hydrolyzed oat flour in dairy beverages.

Soluble flour can also be used in juice beverages. In one embodiment,soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, can be hydrated in thejuice at ambient temperatures or cold temperatures. The juice can be anysuitable juice or juice/puree combination. Suitable juices can be acidicor non-acidic, fruit, vegetable, or combinations thereof. Non-limitingexamples of juices and purees include, Acai, Aloe Vera Juice, Apple,Apricot Nectar, Bancha, Beet, Black Cherry, Black Currant, Blackberry,Blueberry, Boysenberry, Carrot, Celery, Coconut, Cranberry, Cucumber,Elderberry, Gogi Berry, Grape, Grapefruit, Kiwi, Strawberry, Tomato,Raspberry, Lemon, Lime, Mango, Orange, Papaya Nectar, Passion fruit,Pear, Pineapple, Plum, Pomegranate, Potato, Prune, Pummelo, Radish,Razzleberry, Sorrel, Spinach, Tangerine, Tomato, Turnip, Watercress,Watermelon, and Wheat Grass. Purees are well-known to those skilled inthe art and are generally prepared from smashed or mashed fruits andvegetables.

As an example, suitable RTD juice products such as juice-based ormilk-based smoothies can be prepared with ½ serving of whole grain oatsper 8 oz. serving.

Ingredient wt. % Fruit Juice 65-80 Fruit Puree 10-30 Soluble Oat Flour3.71

Flavors, colors, texturizers, anti-foaming agents, fruit pieces or otherinclusions, and other additives can be added as is within the skill ofthe art. It is understood that the juice-based beverages can be madewith many types of additives. Artificial and natural, non-nutritive andnutritive, sweeteners can be added if desired. Texturizers can be gumsor starches. As noted below, the soluble oat flour can also wholly orpartially replace certain texturizers such as gellan gum. The amount ofsoluble grains (e.g., soluble oats) added can be to provide up to 1serving of whole grain (e.g., whole grain oats) per 8 oz. serving.Generally, the juice can include up to 8 wt. % soluble grain (e.g.,soluble oats), generally 1 to 8%, or 2 to 4 wt. %.

Hence, soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, providesunexpected benefits for liquids such as beverages or yogurts. Asdiscussed above, there is no need to hydrate soluble oat flour in waterat high temperature. Instead room temperature or temperatures of 4 to30° C. are suitable. Second, there is no need for a mechanical processstep to reduce viscosity driven by starch. Third, there is no need of acooling process of a heated oat slurry.

FIG. 3 provides an analysis of lipid oxidation product under varioushydration conditions. It is shown that the degree of oxidation of thesoluble oat flour slurry is driven by hydration temperature and time.That is, FIG. 3 shows that a less oxidized compound was identified withjuice samples prepared by cold juice hydration when compared to thatprepared by high temperature water hydration. Note that the bar labeled“6981” represents a duplicate experiment for the bar labeled “7267.”

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, as described herein canalso be added to instant powders such as to provide instant coldbeverages (e.g., chocolate milk) or whole grain oat “shots” for smoothieor other beverages. In some embodiments, the consumer purchases theinstant powder and mixes it with a liquid, including, withoutlimitation, water, juice, or milk. In some embodiments, soluble flour,for example, soluble grain flour, provides less and slower sedimentationof insoluble solids and further provides a less grainy or grittymouthfeel compared to other flours, for example, grain flours (e.g., oatflours). Soluble oat flour also provides a slight oatmeal flavorbringing authenticity to the product versus a “raw flour” flavor whenusing oat flour. One aspect of the instant powder is provided below:

Ingredient wt. % Soluble Oat Flour 50-70 Sugar 30-45 Salt 0.6-0.8Stabilizers 0.7-0.9 Flavors 2.5-5  

Sensory testing (n=13) was performed on a cold instant beveragecontaining the soluble oat flour of the instant application compared toregular oat flour. FIG. 4 illustrates that the amount of sedimentationobserved when regular oat flour was mixed with cold water was muchgreater than the sedimentation observed when soluble oat flour was mixedwith cold water. Specifically, FIG. 4 shows the sedimentation of asample containing regular oat flour and soluble oat flour suspensionsafter 5, 10 and 30 minutes following preparation. The separation ofphases in the regular oat flour sample was observed after only 5 minutesfollowing preparation. Additional results of the sensory tasting areshown in Table 1 below.

Table 1:

TABLE 1 Regular Oat Soluble Oat Question Flour Flour Which samples isgrittier? 58% 42% Which sample has a smoother mouthfeel? 38% 62% Whichsample has a more “raw flour” 69% 31% flavor?

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, as described herein canalso be added to instant powders such as to provide instant hotbeverages. Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, providesless and slower sedimentation of insoluble solids and lower viscosity attemperatures at which hot beverages are customarily consumed. That is,there is a minimal viscosity increase as a beverage cools down whencompared to typical flour processed by conventional oat milling methods.For example, FIG. 5 illustrates there is a minimal viscosity increase asa beverage comprising soluble oat flour cools down when compared to abeverage comprising typical flour processed by conventional oat millingmethods.

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, included in powders forinstant cold beverages can comprise 25 to 90 wt. % of the total powderweight. In particular, soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flourin a powder for instant cold beverages such as chocolate milk cancomprise 50 to 70 wt. % of the total powder weight as noted in theexample above. Additionally, soluble flour, for example, soluble grainflour, included in powders as shots for addition to already preparedbeverages can comprise 50 to 100 wt. % of the total powder weight.

Notably, typical oat flour dispersed in hot water will significantlyincrease the viscosity of the liquid as the temperature decreases,typically, the viscosity will more than double as the temperaturedecreases (e.g., increases over 100%). In contrast, the soluble flour,for example, soluble grain flour, when dispersed in hot water in thesame amount, will not significantly increase the viscosity of the liquidas the temperature decreases (e.g., increases no more than 40%.)

Ingredient wt. % Non-fat dry milk 30-36 Soluble Oat Flour 28-32 Sugar21-28 Cocoa powder 7-9 Stabilizers 1-4 Salt 0.1-.5 

Flavors, colors, powdered milk, anti-foaming agents, stabilizers, salt,and other additives can be added to the instant powders for hot and coldbeverages as is within the skill of the art. It is understood that thepowders can be made with many types of additives. Artificial andnatural, non-nutritive and nutritive, sweeteners can be used if desired.The amount of soluble oats depends on the amount desired in the finalproduct. For example, a ½ to full serving of soluble whole grain (e.g.,soluble oats) included in powders intended for hot beverages cancomprise 25 to 50 wt. % of the total powder weight for instance 28 to 32wt. % of the total powder weight. Again, a benefit to soluble powders,for example, soluble grain powders (e.g., soluble oat powders) is easyhydration when added to water or other liquids.

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, can also be used inside dishes and entrees such as soups and congee. The easy hydration andlower viscosity of the soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour,allows addition of higher amounts of whole grain (e.g., whole grainoats) per serving size providing increased health benefits. The solubleflour can be used in both instant soups and ready-to-eat soups. In oneaspect, a ready-to-eat soup comprising about 2 to 10 wt. % of solubleoat flour based on total weight of the soup wherein the soluble oatflour provides at least ½ serving of whole grains can be prepared.Attention is drawn to FIG. 6 which demonstrates that standard oat flourproduced a much higher viscosity than soluble oat flour especially athigher concentrations of oats. Further, 4% soluble oat flour per 8 oz.serving will ensure delivery of a ½ serving of whole grains which isabout 8 grams of oats. Similarly, 8% soluble oat flour per 8 oz. servingwill ensure delivery of 1 whole serving of whole grains which is about16 grams of oats. The viscosity measurements shown in FIG. 6 were takenimmediately after boiling for 3 minutes.

A butternut squash soup can be prepared as follows:

Ingredient wt. % Chicken or vegetable broth 45-60 Butternut squash 30-40Onions  7-10 Soluble Oat Flour 3-5 Butter and oil 1.2-1.5 Garlic 0.2-1  Salt 0.2-0.6 Spices 0.01-0.05

Suitable spices can be a combination of cinnamon, allspice, cayennepepper, and black pepper. Any of the ingredients can be modified orreplaced as appropriate for the particular desired result.

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, can also be used insemi-solid dairy products such as yogurt, ice cream, or spreads. In someembodiments, the benefits of using the soluble flour of the instantapplication in semi-solid dairy products include easy hydration and/orminimal to no increase of viscosity during processing as shown in FIG.5. For example, yogurt can be prepared with a ½ serving of whole grainoats per 6 oz. serving:

Ingredient wt. % Milk/Other dairy 89.1 Soluble Oat Flour 5.3 Sugar 5Texturizers 0.6 Yogurt Culture Mfr spec.

Flavors, colors, texturizers, fruit preparations, fruit pieces or otherinclusions, and other additives can be added as is within the skill ofthe art. It is understood that the yogurt can be made with many types ofadditives and that the amounts of the ingredients can vary. The sugarcan be wholly or partially replaced with any suitable artificial andnatural, non-nutritive and nutritive, sweeteners. Texturizers can begums or starches. As noted below, the soluble flour, for example,soluble grain flour, can also wholly or partially replace certaintexturizers such as guar gum. The amount of soluble components, forexample, soluble grain (e.g., oats) added can be to provide up to 1serving of whole grain oats per 6 oz. serving. Generally, for example,the yogurt can include up to 11 wt. % soluble oats, generally 2 to 11%,or 2.5 to 6 wt. %.

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, as described herein canalso be added to instant powders such as to provide instant puddings.Such products provide a smoother texture with a reduced grainy or grittymouthfeel.

Ingredient wt. % Modified starches/maltodextrin 45-50 Sugar 20-25Soluble Oat Flour 20-25 Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 0.5-2.0 Flavors0.1-2.0 Color 0.1-2.0 Acetylated monoglycerides 0.1-1.5 Dipotassiumphosphate 0.1-1.5

Moreover, additional testing showed that the instant pudding productmade with the soluble oat flour described herein provides a firmer, morepudding-like texture compared to the same product made with regular oatflour using the same amount of texturizers. Table 2 below identifies theresult of a sensory testing of the pudding products.

Table 2: Sensory tasting of an instant pudding. Results show percent ofresponses (n=13).

TABLE 2 Regular Oat Soluble Oat Question Flour Flour Which samples isgrittier? 77% 23% Which sample has a smoother texture? 23% 77%

Flavors, colors, powdered milk, anti-foaming agents, stabilizers, salt,and other additives can be added to the instant powders for pudding asis within the skill of the art. It is understood that the powders can bemade with many types of additives. Artificial and natural, non-nutritiveand nutritive, sweeteners can be used if desired. The amount of solubleoats depends on the amount desired in the final product. For example,soluble oats included in powders intended for puddings can comprise 10to 50 wt. % of the total powder weight, for instance, 20 to 25 wt. % ofthe total powder weight.

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, can be added to avariety of bakery products in combination with oat, wheat, and/or othergrain and/or pulse flour. Baked products include, but are not limitedto, cookies, muffins, breads, bagels, pizza crust, cakes, crepes, andpancakes. Soluble oat flour provides improved texture with typicalcommercial oat flour versus such oat flour alone.

Texturizers are typically gums or starches (e.g., corn starch). Insteadof such typical texturizers, soluble flour, for example, soluble grainflour, can be used to improve the textural properties of baked products.For example, the soluble oat flour can be present in amounts of 2 to 10wt. % as a texturizer.

As an illustration, soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, canbe used as a texturizer in soft baked cookies. For example, cookies madewith oat flour and/or oat flakes to provide ½ serving of whole grainoats (8 g) can have up to about 25 wt. % of the oat flour replaced withsoluble oat flour. Replacement of a portion of the oat flour withsoluble oat flour provides a moister texture. The cookie containingsoluble oat flour can also provide a more crumbly texture. In limitedinstances a chewier texture was also observed. A suitable soft bakedcookie recipe:

Ingredient wt. % Oat flakes and Oat flour 17-26 Sugars: sucrose, invertsugar, 17-26 Wheat flour 15-25 Shortening and oils 10-16 Food fibers 5-8Water 5-7 Soluble Oat Flour 2-5 Egg solids 1.5-2.2 Corn syrup 1.3-2.0Leavening agents 1.2-1.8 Emulsifiers 0.8-1.2 Salt 0.3-0.4

Sensory testing (n=13) was conducted on cookies made in accordance withthe formula above along with cookies made by replacing the soluble oatflour with regular oat flour. The results are included in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Question Regular Oat Flour Soluble Oat Flour When broken apart,which samples 31% 69% seems more crumbly? Which sample has a moister 23%77% texture?

Any of the ingredients can be modified or replaced as appropriate forthe particular desired result.

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, can be used in muffins.For example, muffins made with oat flour to provide 1 full serving ofwhole grain oats (16 g) can have up to about 50 wt. % of the oat flourreplaced with soluble oat flour. Replacement of a portion of the oatflour with soluble oat flour provides a moister texture and more crumblyproduct. A suitable muffin recipe:

Ingredient wt. % Wheat flour 15-18 Sugar 6-8 Leavening agents 1.8-2.3Salt 0.3-0.4 Eggs 6-8 Milk 22-28 Butter 7-9 Blueberries  9-12 Oat flour7-9 Soluble Oat Flour 7-9 Water 4-5

Sensory testing (n=13) was conducted on muffins made in accordance withthe formula above along with muffins made by replacing the soluble oatflour with regular oat flour. The results are included in Table 4 below.Further, the majority of panelists noted that the top of the muffinscontaining the soluble oat flour had a crustier texture and more coarseappearance.

TABLE 4 Question Regular Oat Soluble Oat Which sample has a moistertexture? 42% 58% Which sample is more crumbly? 42% 58%

Any of the ingredients can be modified or replaced as appropriate forthe particular desired result.

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, can also be used inready-to-eat high moisture snacks such as RTE puddings, fruit leather,and fruit gels. The lower viscosity of the gelatinized soluble flour,for example, hydrated pulse flour (e.g., pea flour) or hydrated grainflour (e.g., oat flour), dispersed in a liquid at the same concentrationlevel as gelatinized typical pulse flour and/or grain (e.g., oats)allows the addition of higher amounts of whole pulse and/or whole grain(e.g., whole grain oats) per serving. Also, in some embodiments, solubleflour, for example, soluble grain flour, provides improved mouthfeel(less slimy or less slippery mouthfeel and lower undesirablemouthcoating).

A fruit Gel snack can be prepared as follows:

Ingredient wt. % Fruit puree 43-53 Water 28-34 Soluble Oat Flour  8-14Sugars: sucrose and fructose  8-10 Acidulants 0.9-1.1 Flavors 0.9-1.1Texturizers 0.25-0.5  Calcium chloride 0.1-0.2

Sensory testing (n=13) was conducted on fruit gels made in accordancewith the formula above along with fruit gels made by replacing thesoluble oat flour with regular oat flour. The results are included inTable 5 below.

TABLE 5 Question Regular Oat Flour Soluble Oat Flour Which sample isslimier? 62% 38%

Colors, preservatives, and other additives can be as needed or desired.Further, any of the ingredients can be modified or replaced asappropriate for the particular desired result.

Soluble flour, for example, soluble grain flour, can also be used insauces and seasoning mixes for preparation of various foods such asgravies, creamy sauces, and seasoning mixes added during preparation ofrice or pasta.

Grain and/or pulse flour with hydrolyzed starch can also be used as atexturizer. For example, soluble flour (e.g., soluble grain flour orsoluble pulse flour) can be used as a texturizer in instant oatmealproducts. Texturizers improve the overall texture of a bowl of instantoatmeal. The instant oatmeal comprises oat flakes and a powdercomprising flavors, sweeteners, and texturizers such as guar gum. Thetexturizers are generally present in an amount of 0 to 1 wt. % based onthe total weight of the instant oatmeal dry mix. Soluble flour, forexample, soluble grain flour, can replace a portion or all of the guargum. For example, a suitable instant oatmeal dry mix will contain 0 wt.% guar gum and 0.09 wt. % to 0.3 wt. % soluble oat flour based on totalweight of the instant oatmeal dry mix.

Soluble oat flour was used to replace all of the guar gum in instantoatmeal in selected varieties. In some embodiments, soluble oat flourlevel was 50 to 75% guar gum usage rate. No significant differences weredetected. A sensory discrimination test (Triangle test) was used with 60panelists to evaluate if there were significant differences betweenoatmeal samples made with guar gum or soluble oat flour. Panelists werepresented with 3 samples, from which 2 were the same and 1 wasdifferent. Panelists were asked to identify the different sample. Nostatistically significant differences were found between samples madewith guar gum or soluble oat flour in two varieties of instant oatmeal.

Soluble flour, for example, pulse flour and/or soluble grain flour withhydrolyzed starch, can be used in frozen commodities such as slushiesand ice cream. In one aspect, a frozen commodity selected from the groupconsisting of ice cream and slushies comprising grain and/or pulse flourwith hydrolyzed starch (e.g., soluble oat flour) in an amount of 2 to 10wt. % based on total weight of the frozen commodity can be prepared. Itwas discovered, for example, that grain and/or pulse flour withhydrolyzed starch (e.g., soluble oat flour) can be used in slushie andice cream products for not only the health benefits of the flour (e.g.,whole grain oat flour), but because of the lower viscosity benefitsduring processing of these products, since the grain and/or pulse flourwith hydrolyzed starch (e.g., soluble oat flour) does not requirehydration like regular grain and/or starch flour (e.g., oat flour).Moreover, slushies made using the soluble oat flour of the instantinvention exhibited antifoaming properties as illustrated in FIG. 7. Theterm “antifoaming properties” as used herein refers to the ability of acomponent to reduce or prevent the formation of air bubbles or foamduring processing of liquids or semisolids.

A ready-to-eat mixed berry slushie can be prepared as follows:

Ingredient wt. % Filtered water 45 Sucrose 16 Fruit purees 14.8 Whitegrape juice 12 Soluble oat flour 4.6 Yellow carrot juice 4.0 Sweetpotato concentrate 2.4 Ascorbic acid 0.8 Xanthan gum and others 0.8

The water should be suitable for use in food such as water treated byreverse osmosis. The total water can be provided in part or in wholefrom other parts of the food, especially if milk, juices, or other watercontaining components are used. For instance, the milk can be dairy(e.g., whole, 2%, 1%, or non-fat) or non-dairy (e.g., soy). The milk canalso be produced from powdered milk and water.

Additional ingredients can be added to the beverage and food products.Such ingredients can include pulse, non-pulse, grain and/ornon-grain-based ingredients. For example, flavoring agents, coloringagents, sweeteners, and salts. Flavoring agents such as fruit flavors,chocolate flavors, or spice flavors can be added to enhance the taste ofthe product. Fruit flavoring agents include, for example, strawberry,mango, banana and mixtures thereof. Spices, in particular, cinnamon, canbe used. In addition, any desired flavor or flavors can be used.

Suitable sweeteners—artificial or natural, nutritive or non-nutritive,can be added in the food product to provide a desired sweetness. Forexample, brown sugar, maple sugar or fruit sugar can be used. It isnoted that the percentage of soluble grain flour (e.g., oat flour,barley flour, etc.) can increase if high intensity sweeteners are used.

Other optional ingredients can include, but are not limited to,hydrocolloids, polysaccharides, thickeners, caffeine, dairy, coffeesolids, tea solids, herbs, nutraceutical compounds, electrolytes,vitamins, minerals, amino acids, preservatives, alcohol, colorants,emulsifiers, and oils as known in the art. Fruit and nut components canalso be included as well as chips or pieces such as chocolate chips.Fruit components can include fruit puree; fresh fruit, fruit preserves,fruit sorbet, fruit sherbet, dried fruit powder, and combinationsthereof. Typically, fruit or nut component have particles sufficientlysmall that the component can be safely swallowed without chewing.Acidulants can be used to adjust the pH, for example a pH of less thanabout 4.6 for an acidic beverage—e.g., juices or colas.

The grain and/or pulse flour with hydrolyzed starch, for example,soluble grain flour, also can be used as a fat replacer. For instance,the soluble oat fiber was used as a fat replacer in creamy dips toobtain a 50% fat reduction. FIG. 8 depicts the viscosities of a full fatdip, a 50% reduced fat dip, and a 50% reduced fat dip containing solubleoat flour. In particular, a 50% reduced fat dip containing the solubleoat flour described herein exhibited a viscosity similar to the full fatdip.

A reduced fat dip can be prepared as follows:

Ingredient wt. % Water 77.85 Oil 8 Starch 3 Seasoning/flavorant 4Protein 3 Acids 1.5 Salt 1.5 Emulsifier 0.5 Phosphate 0.3 Gums 0.2Soluble oat flour 0.15

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES

Aspects of the invention relate to food products containing highlydispersible, soluble whole oat flour. In some embodiments, the solublewhole oat flour maintains its standard of identity as whole grain andthus has the characteristics of whole grain oats.

Aspects of the present invention relate to the use of the soluble oatflour in various food products including liquid food products such asbeverages, semi-solid food products such as yogurt, and solid foodproducts such as bakery items in order to provide enhanced healthbenefits. Also, although the invention is described with reference to acomposition comprising a grain (e.g., oat or barley), in someembodiments, any starch-containing component, for example, any foodgrade starch-containing component (e.g., one and only one grain, grains,one and only one pulse, pulses, a portion of a grain, a portion of eachof a plurality of grains, a portion of each of a plurality of pulses,and/or combinations thereof) can be substituted for the grain described.For example, in some embodiments, a different grain can be substitutedfor the grain described. In addition, in some embodiments, a pulse canbe substituted for the grain described. In some embodiments, a portionof a pulse is substituted for the grain described. Furthermore, in someembodiments, a pulse and a grain can be substituted for the graindescribed. Also, in some embodiments, a plurality of grains and/or aplurality of pulses can be substituted for the grain described. Asanother example, in some embodiments, a portion of a grain, for example,bran (e.g., from wheat, oat, corn, rye, rice, and/or barley) can besubstituted for the grain described.

Additionally, in some embodiments, additional components can be added tothe grain described. In some embodiments, a pulse can be added to thegrain described. Furthermore, in some embodiments, a pulse and a graincan be added to the grain described. Also, in some embodiments, aplurality of grains and/or a plurality of pulses can be added to thegrain described. As another example, in some embodiments, bran (e.g.,wheat, oat and/or barley) can be added to the grain described.

One embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference toFIG. 9 and FIG. 10. FIG. 9 depicts a block flow diagram illustrating oneembodiment of a process for producing a composition comprisinggelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. FIG. 10 depicts a method (e.g., forforming a composition comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch)comprising a plurality of steps.

First, a combining step 1000 comprises combining at least a portion ofpulse 904 (e.g., a portion of a pulse, whole pulse, or whole pulseflour) and a suitable enzyme 902 (e.g., endo-α-amylase) to form anenzyme-pulse starting mixture 910 comprising starch. As another example,the combining step 1000 can comprise combining at least a portion ofpulse 904, at least a portion of grain 906 (e.g., a portion of a grain,whole grain, or whole grain flour) and a suitable enzyme 902. In someembodiments, a pulse starting mixture comprises the at least a portionof pulse 904, and the pulse starting mixture is combined with thesuitable enzyme 902 to form the enzyme-pulse starting mixture 910. Insome embodiments, the at least a portion of pulse 904, the suitableenzyme, and optionally other components, are combined in a mixer (e.g.,a first mixer 930) to provide the enzyme-pulse starting mixture 910. Insome embodiments, the enzyme-pulse starting mixture 910 comprises a massratio of granulated sugar 907 to pulse flour from about 0.03 to about0.3; a mass ratio of maltodextrin 909 to pulse flour from about 0 toabout 0.3; and an effective amount of at least one antioxidant 908. Thepulse (e.g., from which the at least a portion of pulse 904 is derived)can be selected from the group consisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas,navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans, kidney beans, pintobeans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pink beans and anycombination thereof. Furthermore, the at least a portion of pulse 904can be pulse flour (e.g., whole pulse flour). Additionally, in someembodiments, the pulse starting mixture comprises about 90 to about 95%(by total weight of the starting mixture) whole pulse flour. As usedherein, “whole pulse” can be the whole edible portion of the pulse, forexample, the whole grain seed, pea, or bean as applicable.

Second, a heating step 1004 comprises heating the enzyme-pulse startingmixture 910 (e.g., in a heater 932) to between about 120° F. (48.89° C.)and about 200° F. (93.33° C.) to begin to hydrolyze the starch (e.g.,starch molecules), thereby providing a heated pulse mixture 912. In someembodiments, during the heating, the enzyme-pulse starting mixture 910is heated to at least about 140° F. (60° C.), 180° F. (82.22° C.), 200°F. (93.33° C.), or 212° F. (100° C.), or about 140° F. (60° C.) to about212° F. (100° C.), or about 140° F. (60° C.) to about 180° F. (82.22°C.).

Third, an extruding step 1006 comprises extruding the heated pulsemixture 912 (e.g., in an extruder 934 to continue hydrolyzing the starchand further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse mixture 912),thereby providing a pulse product 914 (e.g., a product comprising atleast a portion of pulse or whole pulse). For example, the pulse product914 can comprise hydrolyzed starch (e.g., gelatinized, hydrolyzedstarch). In some embodiments, the extruding occurs at a barreltemperature of about 140° F. (60° C.) to about 350° F. (176.67° C.), orabout 140° F. (60° C.) to about 250° F. (121.11° C.). In someembodiments, during the extruding step 1006, the heated pulse mixture912 is heated to a temperature of about 212° F. (100° C.) to about 320°F. (160° C.), or about 212° F. (100° C.) to about 260° F. (126.67° C.).

Fourth, an optional pelletizing step 1008 comprises pelletizing thepulse product 914 (e.g., in a pelletizer 936) to form pelletized pulseproduct 916 (e.g., pulse flour).

Fifth, an optional drying step 1009 comprises drying the pelletizedpulse product 916 (e.g., in a dryer 938) to provide a dried pulseproduct 918 (e.g., a dried pelletized pulse product). In someembodiments, the dried pulse product 918 is granulated after it isdried.

Sixth, an optional granulating step 1010 comprises granulating thepelletized pulse product 916 or dried pulse product 918 (e.g., in agranulator 940) to form granulated pulse product 920 (e.g., granulatedpulse flour).

Seventh, some embodiments comprise an optional adding step (e.g., afirst adding step 1012 and/or a second adding step 1014). For example, afirst adding step 1014 can comprise adding the pulse product 914 (e.g.,the pulse product 914 from the extruder, pelletized pulse product 916,dried pulse product 918, and/or granulated pulse product 920) to abeverage to provide a product composition 922 (e.g., a beveragecomprising pulse). In some embodiments, the beverage is selected fromthe group consisting of fruit juices, dairy beverages, and carbonatedsoft drinks. In some embodiments, the pulse product 914 is added to thebeverage to provide the product composition 922 with 1 to 25% solublefiber based on total weight of the product composition 922. As anotherexample, a second adding step 1012 can comprise adding the pulse product914 to a mixture for a food product (e.g. to provide a productcomposition 922). In some embodiments, the food product is selected fromthe group consisting of bars, cereals, puddings, smoothies, ice cream,cookies, and crackers. In some embodiments, the adding step occurs in amixer (e.g., a second mixer 942).

In some embodiments, a composition comprising at least a portion ofpulse 904 (e.g., a pulse composition) is also a composition comprisingat least a portion of pulse 904 and at least a portion of grain 906(e.g., a pulse-and-grain composition). For example, in some embodiments,the enzyme-pulse starting mixture 910 is an enzyme-pulse-and-grainstarting mixture; the heated pulse mixture 912 is a heatedpulse-and-grain mixture; the pulse product 914 is a pulse-and-grainproduct; the pelletized pulse product 916 is a pelletizedpulse-and-grain product; the dried pulse product 918 is a driedpulse-and-grain product; the granulated pulse product 920 is agranulated pulse-and-grain product; and/or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a method (e.g., forproviding a pulse product) with several steps. For example, a first stepcomprises combining at least a portion of pulse (e.g., a portion of apulse, whole pulse, or whole pulse flour) and a suitable enzyme to forman enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprising starch. In some embodimentsthe enzyme-pulse starting mixture further comprises sugar (e.g.,granulated sugar), at least one antioxidant, a maltodextrin, and/or anycombination thereof. Furthermore, the pulse can be selected from thegroup consisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtlebeans, cranberry beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans,Dutch brown beans, pink beans, and any combination thereof.Additionally, in some embodiments, the at least a portion of pulse ispulse flour (e.g., whole pulse flour).

In some embodiments, the enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises: a massratio of sugar (e.g., granulated sugar) to pulse flour from about 0.03to about 0.3; a mass ratio of maltodextrin to pulse flour from about 0to about 0.3; and an effective amount of at least one antioxidant.Furthermore, in some embodiments, a pulse starting mixture comprises theat least a portion of pulse, and the pulse starting mixture is combinedwith the suitable enzyme to form the enzyme-pulse starting mixture. Asan example, the pulse starting mixture can comprise about 90 to about95% by weight whole pulse flour.

A second step comprises heating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture tobetween about 120° F. (48.89° C.) and about 200° F. (93.33° C.) to beginto hydrolyze the starch (e.g., starch molecules), thereby providing aheated pulse mixture. In some embodiments, during the heating theenzyme-pulse starting mixture is heated to at least about 140° F. (60°C.), 180° F. (82.22° C.), 200° F. (93.33° C.), or 212° F. (100° C.) orabout 140° F. (60° C.) to about 212° F. (100° C.), or about 140° F. (60°C.) to about 180° F. (82.22° C.).

A third step comprises extruding the heated pulse mixture to continuehydrolyzing the starch and further to gelatinize and cook the heatedpulse mixture thereby providing a pulse product (e.g., at least aportion of pulse) comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. In someembodiments, the extruding occurs at a barrel temperature of about 140°F. (60° C.) to about 350° F. (176.67° C.), or about 180° F. (82.22° C.)to about 320° F. (100° C.), or about 140° F. (60° C.) to about 250° F.(121.11° C.). Additionally, in some embodiments, during the extruding,the heated pulse mixture is heated to a temperature of about 212° F.(100° C.) to about 260° F. (126.67° C.).

Some embodiments further comprise pelletizing the pulse product to formpelletized pulse product (e.g., pellets or pelletized pulse flour) andoptionally granulating the pelletized pulse product to form granulatedpulse product (e.g., granulated pulse flour).

Some embodiments comprise adding the pulse product (optionally,pelletized or in flour form) to a beverage to provide a productcomposition. For example, the beverage can be selected from the groupconsisting of fruit juices, dairy beverages, and carbonated soft drinks.Furthermore, the pulse product can be added to the beverage to providethe product composition with, for example, 1 to 25% soluble fiber and/or1 to 25% protein based on total weight of the product composition.Although a wide range has been given, as with the other ranges givenherein, any smaller range (e.g., 2-3%, 12-15%, etc.) contained withinthe larger range can also be achieved and is considered to be anadditional embodiment disclosed herein. As an example, the smallervalues of a pulse content range can be useful for a beverage that isintended to have a lower viscosity, yet nonetheless provide benefits ofadding a pulse product (e.g., soluble fiber) to the beverage. Meanwhile,a higher end of the pulse content range can be useful for providingsubstantial pulse-related benefits while still having a low enoughviscosity to be drinkable as a beverage.

Some embodiments comprise adding the pulse product to a mixture for afood product (e.g. to provide a product composition). For example, thefood product can be selected from the group consisting of bars, cereals,puddings, smoothies, ice cream, cookies, and crackers.

Additionally, in some embodiments, the invention provides a method(e.g., for providing a pulse-and-grain product). For example, in someembodiments, the combining step comprises combining the at least aportion of pulse, at least a portion of grain, and the suitable enzymeto form the enzyme-pulse starting mixture. As an illustration, theenzyme-pulse starting mixture can be an enzyme-pulse-and-grain startingmixture. In some embodiments, the enzyme-pulse-and-grain startingmixture further comprises sugar (e.g., granulated sugar), at least oneantioxidant, a maltodextrin, and/or any combination thereof.

As used herein, grain is generally used to refer to cereal grains andpulse is generally used to refer to legumes, beans, peas, etc. Asexamples, the pulse can be selected from the group consisting of peas,lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans,kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pinkbeans, and any combination thereof. Furthermore, the grain can beselected, for example, from the group consisting of wheat, oat, barley,corn, white rice, brown rice, barley, millet, sorghum, rye, triticale,teff, spelt, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, kaniwa, cockscomb, greengroat, and any combination thereof. Additionally, in some embodiments,the at least a portion of pulse is pulse flour (e.g., whole pulse flour)and/or the at least a portion of grain is grain flour (e.g., whole grainflour).

In some embodiments the enzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixturecomprises: a mass ratio of sugar (e.g., granulated sugar) to thecombined pulse flour and grain flour from about 0.03 to about 0.3,optionally 0.03 to 0.15; a mass ratio of maltodextrin to the combinedpulse flour and grain flour from about 0 to about 0.3, optionally 0.03to 0.15; and an effective amount of at least one antioxidant.Furthermore, in some embodiments, a pulse starting mixture comprises theat least a portion of pulse; a grain starting mixture comprises the atleast a portion of grain; and the pulse starting mixture and the grainstarting mixture are combined with the suitable enzyme to form theenzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture. As an example, the pulsestarting mixture can comprise at least about 90% by weight whole pulseflour, or the pulse starting mixture can comprise about 90 to about99.5%, or about 90 to about 95% by weight whole pulse flour.

In some embodiments, the heating step comprises heating theenzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture to between about 120° F. (48.89°C.) and about 200° F. (93.33° C.) to begin to hydrolyze the starch(e.g., starch molecules), thereby providing a heated pulse-and-grainmixture. In some embodiments, during the heating theenzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture is heated to at least about 140°F. (60° C.), 180° F. (82.22° C.), 200° F. (93.33° C.), or 212° F. (100°C.), or about 140° F. (60° C.) to about 212° F. (100° C.), or about 140°F. (60° C.) to about 180° F. (82.22° C.).

Furthermore, in some embodiments, the extruding step comprises extrudingthe heated pulse-and-grain mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starchand further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse-and-grain mixturethereby providing a pulse-and-grain product (e.g., at least a portion ofpulse) comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. In some embodiments,the extruding occurs at a barrel temperature of about 140° F. (60° C.)to about 350° F. (176.67° C.), or about 140° F. (60° C.) to about 320°F. (160° C.), or about 140° F. (60° C.) to about 250° F. (121.11° C.).Additionally, in some embodiments, during the extruding the heatedpulse-and-grain mixture is heated to a temperature of about 212° F.(100° C.) to about 260° F. (126.67° C.).

Some embodiments further comprise pelletizing the pulse-and-grainproduct to form pelletized pulse-and-grain product (e.g.,pulse-and-grain pellets or pulse-and-grain flour), and optionallygranulating the pelletized pulse-and-grain product to form granulatedpulse-and-grain product (e.g., granulated pulse-and-grain flour).

Some embodiments comprise adding the pulse-and-grain product to abeverage to provide a product composition. For example, the beverage canbe selected from the group consisting of fruit juices, dairy beverages,and carbonated soft drinks. Furthermore, the pulse-and-grain product canbe added to the beverage to provide the product composition with 1 to25% soluble fiber based on total weight of the product composition. Asan example, the smaller values of the range can be useful for a beveragethat is intended to have a lower viscosity, yet nonetheless providebenefits of adding a pulse product (e.g., soluble fiber) to thebeverage. Meanwhile, a higher end of the range can be useful forproviding substantial pulse-related benefits while still having a lowenough viscosity to be drinkable as a beverage.

Some embodiments comprise adding the pulse-and-grain product to amixture for a food product (e.g., to provide a product composition). Forexample, the food product can be selected from the group consisting ofbars, cereals, puddings, smoothies, ice cream, cookies, and crackers.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising atleast a portion of pulse (e.g., whole pulse, whole pulse flour, extrudedwhole pulse flour), and the at least a portion of pulse comprisesgelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. For example, the at least a portion ofpulse can be made by hydrolyzing starch in whole pulse. The compositioncan further comprise, for example, deactivated amylase enzyme (e.g.,α-amylase enzyme), and/or water. For example, in some embodiments, thecomposition comprises at least 80 wt. % water. The water can come from awater-based liquid such as pure water, milk, fruit juice, etc.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least about 3.0 wt. %of the at least a portion of pulse (e.g., whole pulse flour), which canprovide mouthfeel benefits (e.g., less viscosity) over a compositionwith a non-hydrolyzed pulse flour at the same concentration. Forexample, a composition (e.g., food product) comprising at least 3.0 wt.% non-hydrolyzed pulse flour can result in noticeable mouthfeel effects(e.g., increase in viscosity) in the composition if the composition hasa liquid phase (e.g., food product, such as soup or beverage).

Additionally, in some embodiments, the composition comprises at leastabout 10 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse (e.g., whole pulseflour), which can provide mouthfeel benefits (e.g., less viscosity) overa composition with a non-hydrolyzed pulse flour at the sameconcentration. For example, a composition (e.g., food product)comprising at least 10 wt. % non-hydrolyzed pulse flour can have anundesirable mouthfeel (e.g., undesirably high viscosity) for someconsumers in some applications if the composition has a liquid phase(e.g., food product, such as soup or beverage).

Furthermore, in some embodiments, the composition comprises about 3.3wt. % to about 6.6 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse (e.g., wholepulse flour), and, optionally, the composition is a beverage.Additionally, in some embodiments, a composition comprises grain (e.g.,cereal grains) and pulse at a mass ratio of about 1:1. This can beuseful, for example, to provide a composition with certain desirableattributes. As an illustration, it can be desirable to provide a certainamount of whole grain (e.g., about 3.3 wt. % to about 6.6 wt. %) toprovide a desired amount of soluble fiber. It can also be desirable toprovide a certain quantity and quality of protein. While the grain canprovide the desired amount of soluble fiber by itself, it can fail toprovide the desired protein quality. For example, certain cereal grains(e.g., oat grain) have a protein digestibility-corrected amino acidscore (“PDCAAS”) that is less than 1.0. This occurs, for example,because oat grain comprises insufficient lysine even though it has morethan sufficient methionine. The problem can be addressed by combiningoat grain with yellow peas and/or pinto beans, even though they alsohave a PDCAAS score of less than 1.0. The combination is useful because,while yellow peas and/or pinto beans comprise insufficient methionine,they have more than sufficient amounts of lysine to make up for thedeficiency in oat grain. Accordingly, oat grain can be combined withyellow peas and/or pinto beans at a mass ratio of about 1:1 to provide acombined PDCAAS score that is greater than the PDCAAS score of theindividual components.

In some embodiments the at least a portion of pulse in the compositioncomprises (or optionally, consists of) whole pulse selected from thegroup consisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtlebeans, cranberry beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans,Dutch brown beans, pink beans and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least a portion of pulse can behydrolyzed-starch whole pulse (e.g., beans, peas, chickpeas, etc.)comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. Furthermore, thehydrolyzed-starch whole pulse can have, within a tolerance of +/−20%,15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or 1%, at least one mass ratio selected from the groupconsisting of: (i) a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to a massratio of starch to protein of unhydrolyzed whole pulse (e.g., wholepulse comprising gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch) equivalent in kind(for example, species, subspecies, variety, or plurality of species,subspecies, or varieties) and condition (for example, ripeness, lack ofrottenness, level of processing (e.g., harvesting, threshing, grinding,milling, cracking, flaking, separation to remove non-pulse components,steaming, rolling, cutting)) to the hydrolyzed-starch whole pulse; (ii)a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to a mass ratio of fat to proteinof unhydrolyzed whole pulse equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch whole pulse; (iii) a mass ratio of dietary fiber toprotein equal to a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein ofunhydrolyzed whole pulse equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch whole pulse; and (iv) any combination thereof.

Furthermore, the at least a portion of pulse can comprise whole pulse.For example, the composition can comprise about 90 to 99.94 wt. % wholepulse on a dry basis, at least about 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.94 wt. %whole pulse on a dry basis, or any range formed by values containedwithin the listed ranges up to 100 wt. %. Furthermore, in someembodiments, the at least a portion of pulse can comprise each componentin an original set of components (e.g., comprising starch and protein)at an original mass ratio relative to protein within a tolerance of+/−20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or 1%. For example, the original mass ratio canbe the mass ratio of each component relative to protein at a time ofharvesting, although it can also be at another reference time, forexample, before processes including separation of the anatomicalcomponents of the whole pulse, grinding, cooking, gelatinization of thestarch in the whole pulse, hydrolysis of the starch in the whole pulse,and/or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the composition comprising the at least a portionof pulse is a first composition with a viscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVAviscosity at 25° C.) that is at most 75%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%,10% or 5%, or equal to about 75-5%, 75-10%, 70-20% (or any rangecontained in the listed ranges) of a viscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVAviscosity at 25° C.) of a second composition that is equivalent to thefirst composition except that the second composition comprisesgelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch in place of gelatinized, hydrolyzedstarch. Additionally, although specific ranges have been discussed, forexample, 75% to any smaller reasonable value (e.g., a value greater thanzero because viscosity will be greater than zero), additionalembodiments can be formed by any range contained within the previouslymentioned ranges (e.g. 64% to 3%). This is also true of the other rangesdiscussed herein, as a skilled person would understand after readingthis disclosure.

Additionally, in some embodiments, the viscosity (e.g., RVA viscosity at25° C. or peak RVA viscosity) of a composition (e.g., before or afterhydrolysis, as applicable) is equal to any viscosity (e.g., RVAviscosity at 25° C. or peak RVA viscosity, respectively) for acomposition (e.g., before or after hydrolysis, as applicable) describedherein (e.g., in the tables or elsewhere), or any viscosity range whoseendpoints are selected from values described herein. Furthermore, insome embodiments, the viscosity of a composition after hydrolysis can beany value between a value before hydrolysis and a value obtained after acertain degree of hydrolysis. For example, in light of the presentspecification, a skilled person would understand that the degree ofhydrolysis can be adjusted using factors such as temperature, time,moisture level, enzyme level, and other factors, which can in turn beused to adjust the viscosity of a composition after hydrolysis.

In some embodiments, the composition is a first composition comprising aviscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25° C.) that is at most75%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5% or equal to about 75-5%,75-10%, 70-20% (or any range contained in the listed ranges) of aviscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25° C.) of a secondcomposition. For example, the first composition can consist of eachingredient in a first set of ingredients at a specified weightpercentage, and the first set of ingredients can comprise the at least aportion of pulse and water. Furthermore, the second composition canconsist of the first set of ingredients in the specified weightpercentages, except that the at least a portion of pulse comprisinggelatinized, hydrolyzed starch is replaced with at least a portion ofpulse comprising gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising atleast a portion of grain (e.g., starchy endosperm, germ, bran, wholegrain, or whole grain flour), and the at least a portion of graincomprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. For example, the at least aportion of grain can be made by hydrolyzing starch in whole grain. Thecomposition can further comprise, for example, deactivated amylaseenzyme (e.g., α-amylase), and/or water. For example, in someembodiments, the composition comprises at least 80 wt. % water. Thewater can come from a water-based liquid such as pure water, milk, fruitjuice, etc.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least about 1 wt. % ofthe at least a portion of grain (e.g., whole grain flour), which canprovide mouthfeel benefits (e.g., less viscosity) over a compositionwith a non-hydrolyzed grain flour at the same concentration. As anillustration, a composition (e.g., food product) comprising at least 1wt. % non-hydrolyzed grain flour can result in noticeable mouthfeeleffects (e.g., increase in viscosity) in the composition if thecomposition has a liquid phase (e.g., food product, such as soup orbeverage).

Additionally, in some embodiments, the composition comprises about 6.6wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the at least a portion of grain (e.g., wholegrain flour), about 6.6 wt. % to about 12 wt. %, or about 12 wt. % toabout 15 wt. %), which can provide mouthfeel benefits (e.g., lessviscosity) over a composition with a non-hydrolyzed grain flour at thesame concentration. For example, for some consumers, a composition(e.g., food product) comprising at least 6.6 wt. % non-hydrolyzed grainflour can have an undesirable mouthfeel (e.g., undesirably highviscosity) if the composition has a liquid phase (e.g., food product,such as soup or beverage).

Furthermore, in some embodiments, the composition comprises about 3.3wt. % to about 6.6 wt. % of the at least a portion of grain (e.g., wholepulse flour). Additionally, in some embodiments, a composition comprisesgrain (e.g., cereal grains) and pulse at a mass ratio of about 1:1. Thiscan be useful, for example, to provide a composition with certaindesirable attributes, such as fiber content and protein quality, asdescribed herein.

In some embodiments, the at least a portion of grain is an extrudedwhole grain flour.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least about 90, 95,96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.94 wt. % a combination of whole pulse flour andwhole grain flour on a dry basis. Furthermore, in some embodiments, thecomposition comprises at least about 90 to 99.94 wt. % a combination ofwhole pulse flour and whole grain flour on a dry basis. The compositioncan also comprise a combination of whole pulse flour and whole grainflour in an amount given by any range formed using values containedwithin the listed ranges.

In some embodiments, the at least a portion of grain comprises wholegrain selected from the group consisting of wheat, oat, barley, corn,white rice, brown rice, barley, millet, sorghum, rye, triticale, teff,spelt, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, kaniwa, cockscomb, green groat(e.g., dehulled oats that are not heat treated by kilning or otherwise)and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least a portion of grain can behydrolyzed-starch bran (e.g., oat bran, rice bran, wheat bran, sorghumbran, etc.) comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. Furthermore, thehydrolyzed-starch bran can have, within a tolerance of +1-20%, 15%, 10%,5%, 2% or 1%, at least one mass ratio selected from the group consistingof: (i) a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to a mass ratio ofstarch to protein of unhydrolyzed bran (e.g., bran comprisinggelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch) equivalent in kind (for example,species or recognized subspecies or plurality of species or plurality ofrecognized subspecies) and condition (for example, ripeness, lack ofrottenness, level of processing (e.g., harvesting, threshing, grinding,milling, cracking, flaking, separation to remove non-grain components,steaming, rolling, cutting)) to the hydrolyzed-starch bran; (ii) a massratio of fat to protein equal to a mass ratio of fat to protein ofunhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch bran; (iii) a mass ratio of dietary fiber to proteinequal to a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein of unhydrolyzed branequivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch bran; and (iv)any combination thereof.

In some embodiments of the composition comprising hydrolyzed-starchbran, the hydrolyzed-starch bran is oat bran. Furthermore, the oat brancan comprise: at least about 5.5 wt. % beta-glucan on a total dry weightbasis (e.g., after removing any water by dehydrating); and at leastabout 16.0 wt. % dietary fiber on a total dry weight basis.Additionally, at least one-third of the total dietary fiber can besoluble fiber. For example, this is consistent with the 1989 AACCdefinition of oat bran, which states: “Oat Bran is the food which isproduced by grinding clean oat groats or rolled oats and separating theresulting oat flour by sieving bolting, and/or other suitable means intofractions such that the oat bran fraction is not more than 50% of theoriginal starting material and has a total betaglucan content of atleast 5.5% (dry-weight basis) and a total dietary fiber content of atleast 16.0% (dry-weight basis), and such that at least one-third of thetotal dietary fiber is soluble fiber.” (See AACC International'sDefinition of “Oat Bran,” approved in 1989, available athttp://www.aaccnet.org/initiatives/definitions/pages/wholegrain.aspx(last accessed Feb. 11, 2016).)

In some embodiments of a composition comprising at least a portion ofgrain, the at least a portion of grain is hydrolyzed-starch whole grain(e.g., oat, rice, wheat, sorghum, etc.) comprising gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch. Furthermore, the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain canhave, within a tolerance of +/−20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or 1%) at least onemass ratio selected from the group consisting of: (i) a mass ratio ofstarch to protein equal to a mass ratio of starch to protein ofunhydrolyzed whole grain equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch whole grain; (ii) a mass ratio of fat to protein equalto a mass ratio of fat to protein of unhydrolyzed whole grain equivalentin kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain; (iii) a massratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to a mass ratio of dietary fiberto protein of unhydrolyzed whole grain equivalent in kind and conditionto the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain; and (iv) any combination thereof.For example, in some embodiments, if alpha-amylase is used to catalyzethe hydrolysis of starch, then the starch will by hydrolyzed, but notprotein, fat or fiber. Accordingly, the mass ratio of any one component(protein, fat, dietary fiber, sugar) to another component in at least aportion of pulse and/or grain can remain unchanged or substantially oressentially unchanged unless the mass ratio involves starch.Furthermore, assuming that the mass of starch is unchanged (e.g.,because the hydrolysis is controlled and stopped before starch isconverted to monosaccharides, disaccharides, simple sugars, and/ornon-starch molecules), then the mass ratio of starch to other componentswill also remain unchanged or substantially or essentially unchanged.Accordingly, a small tolerance can be achieved for the change in themass ratios of any one component relative to another component (e.g.,protein) in at least a portion of pulse and/or grain. Nonetheless,larger tolerances can also be obtained, where desired, or where smallertolerances are not necessary or as relatively important for a particularapplication.

As an example of the various ratios of some components in whole grain toother components in whole grain, Table 6 below shows the proximateconstituents of whole grain as compiled from USDA data. As anillustration, this data was used to calculate the ratios of the variouscomponents, with the results being shown in Table 7.

TABLE 6 Proximate constituents of whole grains (USDA data) oatmeal wheatbrown rice rye barley sorghum Water, wt. % 8.5 12 12.2 13 10.3 11.6Carbohydrate, 58.7 60.2 73.9 58.7 69.7 65.6 wt. % Protein, wt. % 14 13.57.4 11.2 9.2 11 Fat, wt. % 8 2.1 2.8 2.3 1.6 3.3 Dietary fiber, 9 10.62.3 12.8 8 6.9 wt. % Ash, wt. % 1.8 1.6 1.4 2 1.2 1.6 Total, wt. % 100100 100 100 100 100

TABLE 7 Ratio of components to protein for whole grains (USDA data)oatmeal wheat brown rice rye barley sorghum Water, g 0.61 0.89 1.65 1.161.12 1.05 Carbohydrate, 4.19 4.46 9.99 5.24 7.58 5.96 g Protein, g 1.001.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Fat, g 0.57 0.16 0.38 0.21 0.17 0.30 Dietaryfiber, 0.64 0.79 0.31 1.14 0.87 0.63 g Ash, g 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.18 0.130.15

Although these ratios of components (e.g., macronutrients) are shown fora whole grain composition with unhydrolyzed starch, the ratios canremain unchanged or substantially or essentially unchanged as starch issubject to controlled hydrolysis as described herein. Furthermore,several Tables herein show examples of various compositions subject tocontrolled hydrolysis under listed extrusion conditions.

In some embodiments, the at least a portion of grain comprises wholegrain. For example, the composition can comprise about 90 to 99.94 wt. %whole grain on a dry basis, at least about 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.94wt. % whole grain on a dry basis, or any range formed by valuescontained within the listed ranges. Furthermore, in some embodiments,the whole grain can comprise each component in an original set ofcomponents (e.g., comprising starch, fat, dietary fiber, and protein) atan original mass ratio relative to protein within a tolerance of +/−20%,15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or 1%. For example, the original mass ratio can be themass ratio of each component relative to protein at a time ofharvesting, although it can also be at another reference time, forexample, before processes including separation of the anatomicalcomponents of the whole grain, grinding, cooking, gelatinization of thestarch in the whole grain, hydrolysis of the starch in the whole grain,and/or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least a portion of grain ishydrolyzed-starch whole grain (e.g., whole grain flour ground from awhole grain); the at least a portion of grain comprises caryopses (e.g.,intact, ground, cracked, or flaked); and the caryopses compriseprincipal anatomical components consisting of starchy endosperm, germ,and bran. For example, the composition can comprise about 90 to 99.94wt. % hydrolyzed-starch whole grain on a dry basis, at least about 90,95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.94 wt. % hydrolyzed-starch whole grain on a drybasis, or any range formed by values contained within the listed ranges.Furthermore, in some embodiments, the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain haswithin a tolerance of +/−20% (optionally, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or 1%) atleast one mass ratio selected from the group consisting of: (i) a massratio of germ to endosperm equivalent to a mass ratio of germ toendosperm of unhydrolyzed intact caryopses of the same kind andcondition as the caryopses of the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain; (ii) amass ratio of bran to endosperm equivalent to a mass ratio of bran toendosperm of unhydrolyzed intact caryopses of the same kind andcondition as the caryopses of the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain; and(iii) any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the composition is a first composition comprising aviscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25° C.) that is at most(e.g., no more than) 75%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5% orequal to about 75-5%, 75-10%, 70-20% (or any range contained in thelisted ranges) of a viscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25°C.) of a viscosity at 25° C. of a second composition that is equivalentto the first composition except that the second composition comprisesgelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch in place of gelatinized, hydrolyzedstarch.

Tables 8-19 provide examples of compositions with variouscharacteristics (e.g., reduced viscosity) as a result of certain listedextrusion conditions. For example, Table 8 shows a portion of grain,namely oat bran concentrate, before and after extrusion under variousextrusion conditions. As can be seen, extruding oat bran concentratewithout enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis resulted in some reduction in theRVA peak viscosity of the oat bran concentrate from 7,879 cP to 6,692cP. However, extrusion with enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis resulted ingreater reduction in the RVA peak viscosity, namely, to 3,028 cP and2,806 cP, depending on the enzyme concentration. It is worthwhile topoint out that the viscosity of the dough can affect the pressure andtemperature of the dough within the extruder. For example, greaterviscosity can result in greater friction-related temperature increases.Similarly, if pressure is measured at one point, a more viscouscomposition can result in greater pressure at the same point, as aresult of frictional pressure loss as the composition is conveyed. InTable 10, Table 14, and Table 18, pressure was measured at the exit endof the extruder screw. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the screwprofiles employed build pressure throughout the screw and/or screws sothat the exit end of the screw has the highest pressure. Although, someembodiments can have different screw profiles that result, for example,in pressure increasing and then decreasing along an extruder screwand/or screws.

With reference to the following Tables, it is also worthwhile to notethat the listed values pertain to a composition comprising flour, watermoisture, optionally tocopherol, and optionally enzyme, as indicated.Accordingly, the mass concentrations in the Tables (e.g., wt. %) aregiven as a fraction of the mass of the composition. Additionally, themoisture (i.e. water moisture including inherent and added water) in thefollowing tables (e.g., Table 8) was generally determined by measuringthe composition before and after dehydration and assuming that thedifference in weight was caused by evaporation of water. As used in thefollowing Tables, Below Quantifiable Limits (“BQL”) is below 0.20 wt %for mono- and di-saccharides.

TABLE 8 Oat Bran Concentrate, wt. % of component, with moisture StreamDescription Component 0 1 3 4 Moisture (water) 7.9 7.24 7.72 9.34 Starch31.95 32.95 30.02 29.81 Fat 10.94 9.65 9.69 9.44 Protein 19.21 18.8719.08 18.86 Total Dietary Fiber (“TDF”) 25.2 24.9 26.2 24.6 InsolubleDietary Fiber (“IDF”) 21.6 15.2 19 15.6 β-glucan 11.52 11.61 12.3 12.03Total sugar 2.43 2.4 2.07 2.57 Maltose BQL BQL BQL 0.28

TABLE 9 Oat Bran Concentrate wt. % of component, dry basis StreamDescription Component 0 1 3 4 Moisture 0 0 0 0 Starch 34.7 35.5 32.532.9 Fat 11.9 10.4 10.5 10.4 Protein 20.9 20.3 20.7 20.8 Total DietaryFiber (“TDF”) 27.4 26.8 28.4 27.1 Insoluble Dietary Fiber (“IDF”) 23.516.4 20.6 17.2 β-glucan 12.5 12.5 13.3 13.3 Total sugar 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.8Maltose BQL BQL BQL 0.3 β-glucan MW, Million Dalton 1.35 1.39 1.31 1.25RVA peak viscosity, cP 7879 6692 3028 2806

TABLE 10 Oat Bran Concentrate Extrusion Parameters Stream DescriptionParameter 0 1 3 4 Type of extruder N/A ---Werner & Pfleiderer ExtruderZSK-58--- Feed rate of flour, N/A 320 (145.15) 320 (145.15) 320 (145.15)lb/hr (kg/hr) ** Tocopherol, wt. % N/A 0.1 0.1 0.1 Enzyme type N/A N/A αα Enzyme amount, N/A N/A 0.09 0.12 wt. % Moisture at N/A 33 34 34preconditioner exit/extruder inlet, wt. % Dough temperature N/A 173(78.33)  175 (79.44)  169 (76.11)  at preconditioner exit/extruder inlet(e.g., wet mix tem- perature [“WMT”]), ° F. (° C.) Extruder screw N/A307 307 307 speed, RPM Residence time, min N/A 1 1 1 Pressure at exitend N/A 860 1072 1101 of extruder screw, PSI Barrel temperature, N/A T TT ° F. (° C.) Extruder die wall N/A 325 (162.78) 314 (156.67) 312(156.56) exit temperature, ° F. (° C.)

TABLE 11 Key for Tables 8-10 * not measured BQL below quantifiable level(present, if at all, at a level that is below detectable limits) ** Thegiven feed rate in pounds (kilograms) per hour comprises flour,moisture, enzyme and tocopherol, as applicable. Although the massconcentration of flour (i.e., wt. % of flour) as a fraction of the feedrate is not explicitly given as It is for tocopherol, enzyme, andmoisture (i.e., water) content, the mass concentration of the flour canbe calculated by assuming the composition for which the feed rate isgiven consists of flour, moisture, and optionally tocopherol and/orenzyme, as indicated in the Tables. Accordingly, anything that is notmoisture, tocopherol, and enzyme is deemed to be flour. 0 flour feed,unextruded, without tocopherol and without enzyme 1 flour extruded withtocopherol, but without enzyme 3 flour extruded with tocopherol and with0.09 wt. % α-amylase as percentage of total composition includingα-amylase 4 flour extruded with tocopherol and with 0.12 wt. % α-amylaseas percentage of total composition including α-amylase N/A notapplicable α α-amylase T Temperature (+/−5° F. or 2.8° C.) in adjacentand sequentially ordered extruder barrel zones 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: 170° F.(76.67° C.), 200° F. (93.33° C.), 225° F. (107.22° C.), 275° F. (135°C.), 300° F. (148.89° C.), respectively

TABLE 12 Chickpea Flour and Oat/Chickpea blend, wt. % of component, withmoisture Oat/chickpea Chickpea flour, blend flour, 100 wt. % 50/50 wt. %Stream Description Stream Description Component 0 1 4 0 1 4 Moisture(water) 8.41 12.5 * 8.54 12.23 12.26 Starch 40.95 39.93 * 48.6 46.8844.75 Fat 6.63 6.35 * 6.85 6.9 6.58 Protein 22.55 20.92 * 17.54 16.1316.52 Total Dietary 8.5 11 * 10.2 8.5 9.3 Fiber (“TDF”) Insoluble 87.4 * 8.1 6.3 7.2 Dietary Fiber (“IDF”) β-glucan BQL BQL * 1.77 2.021.95 Total sugar 2.88 3.06 * 2.38 2 1.78

TABLE 13 Chickpea Flour and Oat/Chickpea blend, wt. % of component, drybasis Oat/chickpea Chickpea flour, blend flour, 100 wt. % 50/50 wt. %Stream Description Stream Description Component 0 1 4 0 1 4 Moisture(water) 0 0 * 0 0 0 Starch 44.7 45.6 * 53.1 53.4 51.0 Fat 7.2 7.3 * 7.57.9 7.5 Protein 24.6 23.9 * 19.2 18.4 18.8 Total Dietary 9.3 12.6 * 11.29.7 10.6 Fiber (“TDF”) Insoluble 8.7 8.5 * 8.9 7.2 8.2 Dietary Fiber(“IDF”) β-glucan * * * 1.9 2.3 2.2 Total sugar 3.1 3.5 * 2.6 2.3 2.0 RVApeak 2439 1785 * 4753 2227 1043 viscosity, CP

TABLE 14 Chickpea Flour and Oat/Chickpea Blend Extrusion ParametersOat/Chickpea Chickpea flour, blend flour, 100 wt. % 50/50 wt. % StreamDescription Stream Description Parameter 0 1 4 0 1 4 Type of extruderN/A E E N/A E E Feed rate of N/A 320 * N/A 320 320 flour, lb/hr (145.15)(145.15) (145.15) (kg/hr)** Tocopherol, N/A    0.1 * N/A    0.1 0.1 wt.% Enzyme type N/A N/A * N/A N/A α Enzyme amount, N/A N/A * N/A N/A 0.12wt. % Moisture at pre- N/A  32 * N/A  33 33 conditioner exit/ extruderinlet, wt. % Dough temper- N/A 169 * N/A 169 176 ature at pre- (76.11)(76.11) (80) conditioner exit/ extruder inlet (e.g., WMT), ° F. (° C.)Extruder screw N/A 318 * N/A 318 318 speed, RPM Residence time, N/A  1 *N/A  1 1 min Pressure at exit N/A 365 * N/A 437 260 end of extruderscrew, PSI Barrel tempera- N/A T * N/A T T ture, ° F. (° C.) Extruderdie N/A 309 * N/A 302 300 wall exit tempera- (153.89) (150) (148.89)ture, ° F. (° C.)

TABLE 15 Key for Tables 12-14 * not measured ** The given feed rate inpounds (kilograms) per hour comprises flour, moisture, enzyme andtocopherol, as applicable. Although the mass concentration of flour(i.e., wt. % of flour) as a fraction of the feed rate is not explicitlygiven as It is for tocopherol, enzyme, and moisture (i.e., water)content, the mass concentration of the flour can be calculated byassuming the composition for which the feed rate is given consists offlour, moisture, and optionally tocopherol and/or enzyme, as indicatedin the Tables. Accordingly, anything that is not moisture, tocopherol,and enzyme is deemed to be flour. E Werner & Pfleiderer Extruder ZSK-580 flour feed, unextruded, without tocopherol and without enzyme 1 flourextruded with tocopherol, but without enzyme 4 flour extruded withtocopherol and with 0.12 wt. % α-amylase as percentage of totalcomposition including α-amylase BQL below quantifiable level (present,if at all, at a level that is below detectable limits) N/A notapplicable α α-amylase T Temperature (+/−5° F. or 2.8° C.) in adjacentand sequentially ordered extruder barrel zones 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: 170° F.(76.67° C.), 200° F. (93.33° C.), 225° F. (107.22° C.), 275° F. (135°C.), 300° F. (148.89° C.), respectively

TABLE 16 Chickpea Flour and Brown Rice/Chickpea blend, wt. % ofcomponent, with moisture * Brown Rice/chickpea Chickpea flour, blendflour, 100 wt. % 50/50 wt. % Stream Description Stream DescriptionComponent 0 1 4 0 1 4 Moisture (water) 9.27 11.4 11 10.2 10.6 10.6Starch 41.5 40.1 40.8 56.2 55.7 55.7 Fat 5.78 5.79 5.88 4.9 5.05 4.95Protein 21.9 21.1 21.4 14.2 14.6 14.2 Total Dietary 8.3 7.6 8 5.8 5.65.9 Fiber (“TDF”) Total sugar 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.2

TABLE 17 Chickpea Flour and Brown Rice/Chickpea blend, wt. % ofcomponent, dry basis Brown Rice/chickpea Chickpea flour, blend flour,100 wt. % 50/50 wt. % Stream Description Stream Description Component 01 4 0 1 4 Moisture (water) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Starch 45.7 45.3 45.8 62.6 62.362.3 Fat 6.4 6.5 6.6 5.5 5.6 5.5 Protein 24.1 23.8 24.0 15.8 16.3 15.9Total Dietary 9.1 8.6 9.0 6.5 6.3 6.6 Fiber (“TDF”) 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.32.5 Total sugar RVA peak 2428 1590 890 4110 1058 700 viscosity, CPStarch Avg. 1.95E+08 2.23E+07 1.37E+07 2.79E+08 3.42E+07 2.40E+07 MW, Da

TABLE 18 Chickpea Flour and Oat/Chickpea Blend Extrusion ParametersOat/chickpea Chickpea flour, blend flour, 100 wt. % 50/50 wt. % StreamDescription Stream Description Parameter 0 1 4 0 1 4 Type of extruderN/A E E N/A E E Feed rate of N/A 320 320 N/A 320 320 flour, lb/hr(145.15) (145.15) (145.15) (145.15) (kg/hr)** Tocopherol, N/A    0.1 0.1N/A    0.1 0.1 wt. % Enzyme type N/A N/A α N/A N/A α Enzyme amount, N/AN/A 0.12 N/A N/A 0.1 wt. % Moisture at pre- N/A  31 30 N/A  32 30conditioner exit/ extruder inlet, wt. % Dough temper- N/A 172 167 N/A171 173 ature at pre- (77.78) (75.00) (72.22) (78.33) conditioner exit/extruder inlet (e.g., WMT), ° F. (° C.) Extruder screw N/A 338 348 N/A338 348 speed, RPM Residence time, N/A  1 1 N/A  1 1 min Pressure atexit N/A 1504  1388 N/A 1446  1645 end of extruder screw, PSI Barreltemper- N/A T T N/A T T ature, ° F. (° C.) Extruder die N/A 290 286 N/A287 285 wall exit tempera- (143.33) (141.11) (141.67) (140.56) ture, °F. (° C.)

TABLE 19 Key for Tables 16-18 E Werner & Pfleiderer Extruder ZSK-58 *Values do not add to 100 wt. % because, for example, certain components(e.g., ash) are not listed 0 flour feed, unextruded, without tocopheroland without enzyme 1 flour extruded with tocopherol, but without enzyme4 flour extruded with tocopherol and with 0.12 wt. % α-amylase aspercentage of total composition including α-amylase BQL belowquantifiable level (not present or present at a level that is belowdetectable limits) N/A not applicable α α-amylase T Temperature (+/−5°F. or 2.8° C.) in adjacent and sequentially ordered extruder barrelzones 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: 170° F. (76.67° C.), 200° F. (93.33° C.), 225° F.(107.22° C.), 275° F. (135° C.), 300° F. (148.89° C.), respectively

The Rapid Visco Analyzer (“RVA”) peak viscosity of the compositions inTables 9, 13, and 17 was measured using the following protocol. First, amixture was formed consisting of a composition comprising at least aportion of pulse and/or grain, a specified wt. % tocopherol, a specifiedweight percentage of deactivated α-amylase, and a remainder of water.Water was added in an amount to provide the mixture with 14.3 wt. %solids. In other words, if the mixture were completely dehydrated byevaporating away the moisture, 14.3 wt. % solids would remain.

Second, the mixture was mixed by turning a shaft with a paddle at 500rpm (for 5 seconds) until the composition, the tocopherol, and thedeactivated α-amylase have absorbed an equilibrium amount of the waterand are fully dispersed in the water to form the dispersion (e.g.,generally homogeneous mixture, and to avoid clumps that can causeviscosity measurement errors).

Third, the dispersion was continuously mixed by turning a shaft with apaddle at 160 rpm and the viscosity of the dispersion was continuouslymeasured while subjecting the dispersion to the following temperatureprofile: (i) holding the dispersion at about 25° C. for about 2 min;(ii) heating the dispersion to about 95° C. over about 5 minutes; (iii)holding the dispersion at about 95° C. for about 3 minutes; (iv) coolingthe dispersion from about 95° C. to about 25° C. over about 5 minutes;(v) holding the dispersion at about 25° C. for about 3 min. The RVA peakviscosity was the maximum viscosity measured during steps (ii) and(iii).

Using a method such as the RVA peak viscosity measurement protocol canbe useful, for example, to provide a way to compare the viscosity ofcompositions that are consumed after their starch has been gelatinized.This is so because the RVA peak viscosity measurement protocol involvesheating and hydrating the composition, which gelatinizes starch in thecomposition if the starch has not already been gelatinized.

In some embodiments, the composition is a first composition comprising aviscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25° C.) that is at most75%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5% or equal to about 75-5%,75-10%, 70-20% (or any range contained in the listed ranges) of aviscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25° C.) of a secondcomposition. For example, the first composition can consist of eachingredient in a first set of ingredients at a specified weightpercentage, and the first set of ingredients can comprise the at least aportion of pulse, the at least a portion of grain, and water.Furthermore, the second composition can consist of the first set ofingredients in the specified weight percentages, except that the atleast a portion of pulse comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch isreplaced with at least a portion of pulse comprising gelatinized,unhydrolyzed starch, and except that the at least a portion of graincomprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch is replaced with at least aportion of grain comprising gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch.

In some embodiments, the average molecular weight of the gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch molecules in the composition is a fraction of themolecular weight of gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch moleculesequivalent (e.g., in kind and condition) to the gelatinized, hydrolyzedstarch molecules, except that the gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starchmolecules have not been hydrolyzed. For example, the fraction can beselected from the group consisting of about 0.90 to 0.47, 0.80 to 0.47,0.70 to 0.47, 0.60 to 0.47, 0.50 to 0.47, less than about 0.90, lessthan about 0.80, less than about 0.70, less than about 0.60, less thanabout 0.50, and any range formed from values contained in the listedranges.

Tables 20-21 below provide examples of the percentage change in theaverage molecular weight (in Daltons) of starch in whole oat flour as itundergoes controlled hydrolysis during extrusion to provide SoluOatflour. As can be seen, the average molecular weight of the starch inboth sample 1 and sample 2 decreased by more than 50%. Accordingly, themolecular weight of the SoluOat flour is only a fraction of themolecular weight of the original whole oat flour starting material.Furthermore, as can be seen, there was only a small change in the wt. %of the starch as a component of the flour. This change was a smallincrease in sample 1 and a small decrease in sample 2. It should benoted that in some circumstances the experimental data can be affectedby measurement error, detection limits, natural variation in the massconcentration of a component in native plants, or variation in the massconcentration of a component with location in a batch as a result ofimperfect mixing throughout the volume of the batch.

Tables 20-21 show how a certain mass of the starch can be shifted fromhigher molecular weight to lower molecular weight starch. For example,the high molecular weight amylopectin (“HMW-Amylopectin”) decreases as aweight percentage of the starch and decreases in average molecularweight. Low molecular weight amylopectin (“LMW-Amylopectin”) increasessubstantially as a weight percentage of the starch and decreasesslightly in average molecular weight. The weight percentage of amyloseincreases slightly as a weight percentage of the starch and decreasessubstantially in average molecular weight. Accordingly, the averagemolecular weight of the starch decreases from about 3.7×10⁶ to 1.7×10⁶Dalton.

TABLE 20 Starch Component HMW- LMW- Starch Amylopectin AmylopectinAmylose in in in in flour Avg. MW starch Avg. MW starch Avg. MW starchAvg. MW Sample 1 wt. % Da wt. % Da wt. % Da wt. % Da Whole oat 60.343.667E+06 54.76 5.886E+06 20.51 1.744E+06 24.73 3.501E+05 flour SoluOat61.02 1.729E+06 35.71 2.782E+06 39.23 1.703E+06 25.06 2.697E+05 flour %change 1.13 −52.85 −34.79 −52.74 91.27 −2.35 1.33 −22.96

TABLE 21 Starch Component HMW- LMW- Starch Amylopectin AmylopectinAmylose in in in in flour Avg. MW starch Avg. MW starch Avg. MW starchAvg. MW Sample 2 wt. % Da wt. % Da wt. % Da wt. % Da Whole 59.93.873E+06 54.17 6.243E+06 22.44 1.983E+06 23.38 1.962E+05 oat flourSoluOat 59.54 1.820E+06 34.91 3.034E+06 38.68 1.849E+06 26.42 1.709E+05flour % change −0.60 −53.02 −35.55 −51.40 72.37 −6.76 13.00 −12.90

In some embodiments, the average molecular weight of the gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch molecules in the at least a portion of grain is afraction of the molecular weight of gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starchmolecules equivalent (e.g., in kind and condition) to the gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch molecules in the at least a portion of grain, exceptthat the gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch molecules have not beenhydrolyzed. For example, the fraction can be selected from the groupconsisting of about 0.90 to 0.47, 0.80 to 0.47, 0.70 to 0.47, 0.60 to0.47, 0.50 to 0.47, less than about 0.90, less than about 0.80, lessthan about 0.70, less than about 0.60, less than about 0.50, and anyrange formed from values contained in the listed ranges.

In some embodiments, the average molecular weight of the gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch molecules in the at least a portion of pulse is afraction of the molecular weight of gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starchmolecules equivalent (e.g., in kind and condition) to the gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch molecules in the at least a portion of pulse, exceptthat the gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch molecules have not beenhydrolyzed. For example, the fraction can be selected from the groupconsisting of about 0.90 to 0.47, 0.80 to 0.47, 0.70 to 0.47, 0.60 to0.47, 0.50 to 0.47, less than about 0.90, less than about 0.80, lessthan about 0.70, less than about 0.60, less than about 0.50, and anyrange formed from values contained in the listed ranges.

Moreover, in some embodiments, the average molecular weight of thehydrolyzed starch molecules can be reduced to a fraction of the originalaverage molecular weight (e.g., no more than about 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%,20%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of the originalmolecular weight). This is so, because, for example, the starchmolecules can be selectively reduced (e.g., using enzymes with only endoactivity) in molecular weight to the smallest molecules that stillconstitute starch, but without being converted into molecules that arenot starch, such as sugar (e.g., monosaccharides or disaccharides).

Tables 22-26 illustrate further examples of characteristics andextrusion conditions for at least a portion of pulse and/or grain (e.g.,a flour) of various types. The extrusion conditions for the variousflours shown in Tables 22-26 are provided in Table 22. Table 23 providesa key for various symbols and terms used in Tables 22 and 24-26.

TABLE 22 Extrusion Parameters for Streams of Various Flour Types StreamDescription Parameter 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Type of E E E E E EE E E E E extruder Feed rate 200 200 260 260 260 260 200 200 200 200 200of flour, (90.7) (90.7) (118) (118) (118) (118) (90.7) (90.7) (90.7)(90.7) (90.7) lb/hr ** Tocopherol, 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5  0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50.5 0.5 wt. % Enzyme type α α α α α α α α α α α Enzyme amount, 0.12 0.120.12 0.06 0.06 0.15 0.096 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 wt. % Moisture at pre- 32 3229 29 * 31 31 31 31 33 33 conditioner exit/ extruder inlet, wt. % Doughtemp. at 171/ 167/ 168/ 172/ 172/ 174/ 166/ 166/ 168/ 166/ 168/preconditioner 77.22 75.00 75.56 77.78 77.78 78.89 74.44 74.44 75.5674.44 75.56 exit/extruder inlet (e.g., WMT), ° F./° C. Extruder 280 260330 330 330    330 260 260 260 260 260 screw speed, RPM Residence 1 1 11 1   1 1 1 1 1 1 time, min Pressure at * * * * * * * * * * * exit endof extruder screw, PSI Barrel temp., T T T T T T T T T T T ° F./° C.Extruder die 285/ 290/ 288/ 284/ 285/ 285/ 300/ 287/ 284/ 287/ 290/ wallexit 140.56 143.33 142.22 140.00 140.56 140.56 148.89 141.67 140.00141.67 143.33 temperature, ° F./° C.

TABLE 23 Key for Tables 22 and 24-26 * not measured 7 Green Groat 8 HiFioat 9 Oat bran 10 Brown rice 11 White rice 12 RM blend (about 70 wt. %oat, 10 wt. % barley, 10 wt. % rye and 10 wt. % wheat); 13 Barley 14Quinoa 15 Amaranth 16 Oat + Yellow pea, 50:50 wt. % blend 17 Oat + Pintobean, 50:50 wt. % blend E Werner & Pfleiderer Extruder ZSK-58 αα-amylase T barrel position 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: 170° F. (76.67° C.), 200° F.(93.33° C.), 225° F. (107.22° C.), 275° F. (135° C.), 300° F. (148.89°C.)

Table 24 provides particle size analysis using laser diffraction for theat least a portion of pulse and/or grain after extrusion. Providing adesired particle size can be useful to provide a desired degree ofdispersibility. In some embodiments, the average particle size (e.g.,average equivalent spherical diameter on a volume-weighted basis) equalto about 50-200 (e.g., 94.5-193.4, 50-150, or any range contained withinthe listed ranges) microns, for example, as measured usinglaser-diffraction-based, particle-size measurement equipment (e.g., aMalvern Mastersizer 3000 equipped with a multi-angle log-spaced diodearray type of detector, available from Malvern Instruments Ltd ofMalvern, Worcestershire, United Kingdom). As used herein, the equivalentspherical diameter of a particle is determined by calculating thediameter of a sphere that would cause a measured result (e.g., in thiscase, light diffraction) for the particle.

In some embodiments, 10% by volume of the powder 118 particles have aparticle size smaller than about 56.4 (optionally, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35,30, or 25) microns; 50% by volume of the powder particles have aparticle size smaller than about 190 (optionally, 185.1, 180, 170, 160,150, 140, or 130) microns; 90% by volume of the powder particles have aparticle size smaller than about 340 (optionally, 336.7, 320, 300, 280,260, 240, 220, 200, 180) microns; or any combination thereof, where theparticle size is the diameter of a sphere that would provide the samelaser diffraction measurements as the particle. Furthermore, as askilled person would understand after reading the present disclosure,additional embodiments can be provided in which a characteristic listedherein (e.g., Dx (10)) is equal to a first range whose endpoints areselected from any values listed herein (e.g., 33.8-52 μm). Moreover,additional embodiments can be provided in which a listed characteristicis equal to a second range whose endpoints are selected from any valuescontained within the first range.

In some embodiments, relatively smaller particle sizes decreasedispersibilty in a liquid and increase absorption of the liquid, whilelarger particles sizes increase dispersibility in a liquid and decreaseabsorption of the liquid.

TABLE 24 Malvern Particle Size Analysis Using Laser Diffraction forVarious Streams of Flour After Extrusion and Milling EquivalentSpherical Stream Description Diameter 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Dx(10), μm 33.8 24.7 39.4 44 56.4 42.3 52 55.2 * 38.9 * Dx (50), μm 119.782.6 141.2 143.4 155.3 139.4 185.1 150.9 * 130.2 * Dx (90), μm 238.2181.6 273.5 291.5 299.4 259.4 336.7 271.2 * 249.6 * D [4,3], μm 130.394.5 151.5 157.8 168.4 147.3 193.4 159 * 139.2 * Key Equivalent size ofa particle determined by calculating the diameter of a sphere that wouldSpherical cause the measured result (e.g., in this case, lightdiffraction) for the particle Diameter Dx (10) 10% by volume ofparticles in a sample have a size below the Dx (10) size Dx (50) 50% byvolume of particles in a sample have a size below the Dx (50) size Dx(90) 90% by volume of particles in a sample have a size below Dx (90)size D [4,3] mean diameter for particles in a sample on avolume-weighted basis

Table 25 provides various measured characteristics for at least aportion of pulse and/or grain before and after extrusion. As can be seenin Table 25, the viscosity (and other characteristics) of various nativegrains and/or pulses vary. Additionally, the viscosity (and othercharacteristics) can vary among varieties of the same species of grainand/or pulse. Furthermore, the viscosity (and other characteristics) ofeven a single variety of grain and/or pulse can vary with factors suchas season, location, growing conditions, etc.

TABLE 25 Characteristics for Streams of Various Types of Flour Beforeand After Extrusion Stream Description Characteristic 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 16 17 starch content 51.4 48.7 44.0 61.0 72.7 55.7 55.0 52.1 52.648.1 51.4 before, wt. % starch content 55.1 47.5 47.8 62.1 68.8 52.854.5 55.3 51.7 47.7 44.8 after, wt. % % difference 7.2 −2.5 8.6 1.8 −5.4−5.2 −0.9 6.1 −1.7 −0.8 −12.8 fiber content 10.2 12.2 15.8 4.2 1.2 10.913.3 6.3 7.7 5.1 8.9 before, wt. % fiber content 10.2 10.6 11.5 5.5 1.210.5 10.9 6.2 7.3 7.6 11.7 after, wt. % % difference 0.0 −13.1 −27.231.0 0.0 −3.7 −18.0 −1.6 −5.2 49.0 31.5 RVA peak 8076 7849 7979 940712442 8587 8005 5825 2031 5163 4978 viscosity before, cP RVA peak 19732256 3389 1910 949 1024 2203 517 30 2457 1857 viscosity after, cP %difference −75.6 −71.3 −57.5 −79.7 −92.4 −88.1 −72.5 −91.1 −98.5 −52.4−62.7 RVA Viscosity 1015 1012 861 350 439 714 980 97 175 320 340 at 25°C. before, cP RVA Viscosity 312 166 145 50 33 142 78 37 20 72 107 at 25°C. after, cP % difference −69.3 −83.6 −83.2 −85.7 −92.5 −80.1 −92.0−61.9 −88.6 −77.5 −68.5

The Rapid Visco Analyzer (“RVA”) peak viscosity of the compositions inTable 25 was measured using the protocol discussed with reference toTables 9, 13, and 17. The RVA viscosity at 25° C. of the compositions inTable 25 was measured using the following protocol. First, a mixture wasformed consisting of a composition comprising at least a portion ofpulse and/or grain, a specified wt. % tocopherol, a specified weightpercentage of deactivated α-amylase, and a remainder of water. Water wasadded in an amount to provide the mixture with 6 wt. % solids. In otherwords, if the mixture were completely dehydrated by evaporating away themoisture, 6 wt. % solids would remain.

Second, the mixture was mixed by turning a shaft with a paddle at 500rpm (for 5 seconds) until the composition, the tocopherol, and thedeactivated α-amylase have absorbed an equilibrium amount of the waterand are fully dispersed in the water to form the dispersion (e.g.,generally homogeneous mixture, and to avoid clumps that can causeviscosity measurement errors).

Third, the dispersion was continuously mixed by turning a shaft with apaddle at 160 rpm and the viscosity of the dispersion was continuouslymeasured while subjecting the dispersion to the following temperatureprofile: (i) heating the dispersion to about 95° C. over about 1 minute(ii) holding the dispersion at about 95° C. for about 11 minutes; (iii)cooling the dispersion to about 70° C. over about 1 minute; (iv) holdingthe dispersion at about 70° C. for about 5 minutes; (v) cooling thedispersion from about 70° C. to about 25° C. over about 8 minutes; (vi)holding the dispersion at about 25° C. for about 6 minutes. The RVAviscosity at 25° C. is the viscosity measured immediately after thedispersion has been subject to the temperature profile. In other words,the RVA viscosity at 25° C. is the viscosity measured immediately afterholding the dispersion at about 25° C. for about 6 minutes.

Using a measurement protocol such as the protocol for the RVA viscosityat 25° C. can be useful, for example, to provide a way to compare theviscosity of compositions that are consumed or used after starchgelatinization. This is so because the RVA viscosity measurementprotocol involves heating and hydrating the composition, whichgelatinizes starch in the composition.

Table 26 provides various sensory characteristics for at least a portionof pulse and/or grain after extrusion. The sensory characteristics werecharacterized using a trained panel with 9 people. The individuals onthe panel were given samples in duplicate and the results were averaged.Each sample was a slurry consisting of 5 wt. % of an extruded flour asshown and 95 wt. % water (e.g., 5 grams of the extruded flour was addedto 95 grams of water). The results indicate the percentage of panelistswho perceived the sample to have the listed characteristic (e.g.,sticky).

TABLE 26 Sensory (Mouthfeel) Characteristics for Streams of VariousTypes of Flour After Extrusion Stream Description Characteristic 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Sticky 38% 31% 31% 19% * 31% 25%  6% * 19% *Filmy 94% 94% 81% 44% * 69% 88% 63% * 56% * Oily  0% 13% 13%  6% *  0%13%  0% *  6% * Gritty  6%  0%  6% 25% * 13% 13% 19% * 19% * Grainy  6% 0%  6%  0% *  6%  6%  0% * 13% * Chalky 63% 44% 44% 75% * 75% 50% 56% *69% *

Although various embodiments of the invention have been describedherein, the features, elements, and/or steps of the embodiments andequivalent features, elements, and/or steps can be combined,interchanged, and/or omitted to form further embodiments, for example,as appropriate in light of the disclosure or as would be apparent to aperson having ordinary skill in the art upon reading the disclosure. Asan illustration, in some embodiments, the pulse product 914 from theextruder 934 can be added to or combined with another food (e.g., soup,beverage, dough) in a second mixer 942, (e.g., without pelletizing 1008,drying, 1009, granulating 1010, or any combination thereof). As anotherexample, in some embodiments a mixer (e.g., the first mixer 930 and/orthe second mixer 942) can be a homogenizer. Similarly, the steps of themethods described herein can be reordered to form further embodiments,for example, as appropriate in light of the disclosure or as would beapparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art upon reading thedisclosure.

ADDITIONAL EMBODIMENTS

The following clauses are offered as further description of thedisclosed invention:

1. A beverage comprising soluble oat flour, wherein the beverageprovides ½ to 1 serving of whole grain per 8 oz. serving of thebeverage.2. The beverage of clause 1 wherein the beverage is selected from thegroup consisting of ready-to-drink juice-based beverages andready-to-drink milk-based beverages.3. The beverage of clause 1 wherein the beverage is a juice-basedsmoothie, a milk-based smoothie, or oat-milk.4. A method of making a beverage of clause 1 comprising hydratingsoluble oat flour comprising mixing the soluble oat flour with a liquidat a temperature of 4 to 30° C., wherein the amount of soluble oat flourin the liquid is 1 wt. % to 10 wt. % based on total weight of theliquid; and adding the hydrated soluble oat flour to beverage componentsto form the beverage.5. A semi-solid dairy product comprising soluble oat flour in an amountof 2 to 11 wt. % based on total weight of the semi-solid dairy product.6. The semi-solid dairy product of clause 5 selected from the groupconsisting of dips, yogurt, ice-cream, and processed cheeses comprisinghydrated soluble oat flour in an amount to provide ½ to 1 serving ofwhole grain per 4 oz. to 8 oz. serving of dairy product.7. The semi-solid dairy product of clause 5 wherein the semi-solid dairyproduct is selected from the group consisting of yogurt, ice-cream,dips, and processed cheeses.8. The semi-solid dairy product of clause 5 wherein the product is areduced fat cream-based dip, wherein the dip contains 50% less fatcompared to a full fat dip, and whereby the full fat dip and reduced fatcream-based dip have a viscosity of about 600,000 cp.9. A method of making a semi-solid dairy product of clause 5 comprisinghydrating soluble oat flour comprising mixing the soluble oat flour witha liquid at a temperature of 4 to 30° C., wherein the amount of solubleoat flour in the liquid is 2 wt. % to 11 wt. % based on total weight ofthe liquid; and adding the hydrated soluble oat flour to components toform the semi-solid dairy products.10. An instant powder for preparing cold beverages comprising 25 to 60wt. % soluble oat flour wherein, when hydrated in liquid, the beverageprovides ½ to 1 serving of whole grain per 8 oz. serving of thebeverage.11. The instant powder of clause 10 wherein the beverage is selectedfrom the group consisting of fruit juice, vegetable juice, milkbeverage, water, shakes, and smoothies.12. An instant powder comprising 25 to 35 wt. % soluble oat flourwherein, when hydrated in liquid, the powder provides ½ to 1 wholeserving of whole grain per 4 to 8 oz. serving of product.13. The instant powder of clause 12, wherein the instant powder furthercomprises components for preparing comestibles served hot and wherein,when hydrated in liquid, the comestible provides ½ to 1 whole serving ofwhole grain per 6 oz. serving of the comestible.14. The instant powder of clause 13 wherein the comestibles are selectedfrom the group consisting of hot chocolate, congee, gravy, sauce, andsoup.15. The instant powder of clause 12, wherein the instant powder furthercomprises components for preparing a semi-solid comestible product.16. The instant powder of clause 15 wherein the semi-solid comestibleproduct is selected from the group consisting of puddings, mousses,custards, and gelatins.17. A bakery product selected from the group consisting of muffins,cookies, breads, bagels, pizza crust, cakes, crepes, and pancakesprepared from ingredients comprising soluble oat flour in an amount of 2to 10 wt. % as a texturizer.18. The bakery product of clause 17 wherein the product is a cookiecomprising about 15-35 wt. % oat flour wherein the oat flour furthercomprises oat flakes, oat flour, and soluble oat flour.19. The bakery product of clause 18 wherein oat flakes and oat flourcomprise about 15-25 wt. % of the cookie and soluble oat flour comprisesabout 2-5 wt. % of the cookie.20. The bakery product of clause 17 wherein the product is a muffincomprising about 20-30% wt. % flour and wherein about 5-10% of the oatflour is soluble oat flour.21. The bakery product of clause 17 wherein the soluble oat flourprovides at least ½ serving of whole grains.22. Instant oatmeal comprising oat flakes and a powder, wherein thepowder comprises flavors, sweeteners, and at least one texturizer;wherein the at least one texturizer comprises 0.09 to 0.3 wt. % solubleoat flour.23. The instant oatmeal of clause 22 wherein the at least one texturizerconsists of soluble oat flour and guar gum.24. The instant oatmeal of clause 22 wherein the at least one texturizerconsists of soluble oat flour.25. A ready-to-eat soup comprising about 2 to 10 wt. % of soluble oatflour based on total weight of the soup wherein the soluble oat flourprovides at least ½ serving of whole grains per 8 oz. serving.26. A frozen commodity selected from the group consisting of ice creamand slushies comprising soluble oat flour in an amount of 2 to 10 wt. %based on total weight of the frozen commodity.27. The frozen commodity of clause 26 wherein the frozen commodity is aslushie that exhibits antifoaming properties.28. A method of producing a soluble oat or barley flour comprising:

combining a whole oat or barley flour starting mixture and a suitableenzyme to form an enzyme starting mixture;

heating the enzyme starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch molecules; and

extruding the resultant mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch andfurther to gelatinize and cook the mixture to form the soluble oat orbarley flour.

29. The method of clause 28 wherein the whole oat or barley flourstarting mixture comprises whole oat or barley flour, granulated sugar,and at least one antioxidant.30. The method of clause 29 wherein the whole oat or barley flourstarting mixture further comprises a maltodextrin.31. The method of clause 28 wherein the whole oat or barley flourstarting mixture comprises about 50 to about 95% whole oat or barleyflour, about 3 to about 15% granulated sugar, 0 to about 15%maltodextrin, and an effective amount of at least one antioxidant.32. The method of clause 31 wherein the whole oat flour or barleystarting mixture comprises about 80 to about 95% whole oat or barleyflour.33. The method of clause 31 wherein the whole oat flour or barleystarting mixture comprises about 90 to about 95% whole oat or barleyflour.34. The method of clause 28 further comprising forming pelletizedsoluble oat or barley flour.35. The method of clause 34 further comprising granulating thepelletized soluble oat or barley flour.36. The method of clause 28 wherein the extruding occurs at a barreltemperature of about 60° C. to about 121.11° C.37. The method of clause 28 wherein the extruding occurs at a doughtemperature of about 100° C. to about 126.67° C.38. The method of clause 28 wherein the enzyme starting mixture isheated to 60° C. to about 82.22° C.39. A method for preparing a beverage containing a soluble oat or barleyflour comprising:

combining a whole oat or barley flour starting mixture and a suitableenzyme to form an enzyme starting mixture;

heating the enzyme starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch molecules; and

extruding the resultant mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch andfurther to gelatinize and cook the mixture to form the soluble oat orbarley flour; and

adding the soluble oat or barley flour to a beverage.

40. The method of clause 39 wherein the beverage is selected from thegroup consisting of fruit juices, dairy beverages, and carbonated softdrinks.41. The method of clause 40 wherein the soluble flour is added toprovide a beverage having 1 to 25% soluble fiber based on total weightof the beverage.42. A beverage prepared in accordance with the method of clause 39.43. A method for preparing a food product containing a soluble oat orbarley flour comprising:

combining a whole oat or barley flour starting mixture and a suitableenzyme to form an enzyme starting mixture;

heating the enzyme starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch molecules; and

extruding the resultant mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch andfurther to gelatinize and cook the mixture to form the soluble oat orbarley flour; and

adding the soluble oat or barley flour to a mixture for a food product.

44. The method of clause 43 wherein the food product is selected fromthe group consisting of bars, cereals, puddings, smoothies, ice cream,cookies, and crackers.45. A method comprising:

combining at least a portion of pulse (e.g., a portion of a pulse, wholepulse, or whole pulse flour) and a suitable enzyme to form anenzyme-pulse starting mixture, wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixturecomprises starch;

heating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture to between about 120° F.(48.89° C.) and about 200° F. (93.33° C.) to begin to hydrolyze thestarch (e.g., starch molecules), thereby providing a heated pulsemixture; and

extruding the heated pulse mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starchand further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse mixture therebyproviding a pulse product (e.g., at least a portion of pulse) comprisinggelatinized, hydrolyzed starch.

46. The method of any method clause listed herein, excepting thoseclauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause, whereinthe enzyme-pulse starting mixture further comprises sugar (e.g.,granulated sugar) and at least one antioxidant; and

wherein the pulse is selected from the group consisting of peas,lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans,kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pinkbeans, and any combination thereof.

47. The method of clause 46 wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixturefurther comprises a maltodextrin.48. The method of any method clause listed herein, excepting thoseclauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause:

wherein the at least a portion of pulse is pulse flour;

wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises:

a mass ratio of sugar (e.g., granulated sugar) to pulse flour from about0.03 to about 0.3;

a mass ratio of maltodextrin to pulse flour from about 0 to about 0.3;and

an effective amount of at least one antioxidant.

49. The method of clause 48 wherein the pulse flour is whole pulseflour.50. The method of clause 48 wherein a pulse starting mixture comprisesthe at least a portion of pulse;

wherein the pulse starting mixture is combined with the suitable enzymeto form the enzyme-pulse starting mixture; and

wherein the pulse starting mixture comprises about 90 to about 95% byweight pulse flour (e.g., whole pulse flour).

51. The method of any method clause listed herein, excepting thoseclauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause, furthercomprising pelletizing the pulse product to form pelletized pulseproduct (e.g., pellets or pelletized pulse flour).52. The method of clause 51 further comprising granulating thepelletized pulse product to form granulated pulse product (e.g.,granulated pulse flour).53. The method of any method clause listed herein, excepting thoseclauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause, whereinthe extruding occurs at a barrel temperature selected from the groupconsisting of about 60° C. to about 176.67° C., about 132.22° C. toabout 154.44° C., and about 143.33° C.54. The method of any method clause listed herein, excepting thoseclauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause, whereinduring the extruding the heated pulse mixture is heated to a temperatureof about 100° C. to about 176.67° C.55. The method of any method clause listed herein, excepting thoseclauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause, whereinduring the heating the enzyme-pulse starting mixture is heated to 60° C.to about 82.22° C.56. The method of any method clause listed herein, excepting thoseclauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause, furthercomprising:

adding the pulse product to a beverage to provide a product composition.

57. The method of clause 56 wherein the beverage is selected from thegroup consisting of fruit juices, dairy beverages, and carbonated softdrinks.58. The method of clause 57 wherein the pulse product is added to thebeverage to provide the product composition with 1 to 25% soluble fiberbased on total weight of the product composition.59. A product composition prepared in accordance with the method ofclause 56, wherein the product composition is a beverage.60. The method of any method clause listed herein, excepting thoseclauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause, furthercomprising:

adding the pulse product to a mixture for a food product (e.g. toprovide a product composition).

61. The method of clause 60 wherein the food product is selected fromthe group consisting of bars, cereals, puddings, smoothies, ice cream,cookies, and crackers.62. The method of any method clause listed herein, excepting thoseclauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause:

wherein the combining step comprises combining the at least a portion ofpulse, at least a portion of grain, and the suitable enzyme to form theenzyme-pulse starting mixture;

wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture is an enzyme-pulse-and-grainstarting mixture;

wherein the heating step comprises heating the enzyme-pulse-and-grainstarting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about 93.33° C. to beginto hydrolyze the starch (e.g., starch molecules), thereby providing aheated pulse-and-grain mixture; and

wherein the extruding step comprises extruding the heatedpulse-and-grain mixture to continue hydrolyzing the starch and furtherto gelatinize and cook the heated pulse-and-grain mixture therebyproviding a pulse-and-grain product (e.g., at least a portion of pulse)comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch.

63. The method of clause 62 wherein the enzyme-pulse-and-grain startingmixture further comprises sugar (e.g., granulated sugar) and at leastone antioxidant;

wherein the pulse is selected from the group consisting of peas,lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans,kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pinkbeans, and any combination thereof; and

wherein the grain is selected from the group consisting of wheat, oat,barley, corn, white rice, brown rice, barley, millet, sorghum, rye,triticale, teff, spelt, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, kaniwa, cockscomb,green groat, and any combination thereof

64. The method of clause 63 wherein the enzyme-pulse-and-grain startingmixture further comprises a maltodextrin.65. The method of clause 62

wherein the at least a portion of pulse is pulse flour;

wherein the at least a portion of grain is grain flour;

wherein the enzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture comprises:

a mass ratio of sugar (e.g., granulated sugar) to the combined pulseflour and grain flour from about 0.03 to about 0.3, optionally 0.03 to0.15;

a mass ratio of maltodextrin to the combined pulse flour and grain flourfrom about 0 to about 0.3, optionally 0.03 to 0.15; and

an effective amount of at least one antioxidant.

66. The method of clause 65 wherein the grain flour is whole grainflour.67. The method of clause 65 wherein a pulse starting mixture comprisesthe at least a portion of pulse;

wherein a grain starting mixture comprises the at least a portion ofgrain;

wherein the pulse starting mixture and the grain starting mixture arecombined with the suitable enzyme to form the enzyme-pulse-and-grainstarting mixture;

wherein the pulse starting mixture comprises about 90 to about 95?/o byweight pulse flour (e.g., whole pulse flour);

wherein the pulse starting mixture comprises about 90 to about 95% byweight pulse flour (e.g., whole pulse flour).

68. The method of clause 62 further comprising pelletizing thepulse-and-grain product to form pelletized pulse-and-grain product(e.g., pulse-and-grain pellets or pulse-and-grain flour).69. The method of clause 68 further comprising granulating thepelletized pulse-and-grain product to form granulated pulse-and-grainproduct (e.g., granulated pulse-and-grain flour).70. The method of clause 62 wherein the extruding occurs at a barreltemperature of about 60° C. to about 176.67° C.71. The method of clause 62 wherein during the extruding the heatedpulse-and-grain mixture is heated to a temperature of about 100° C. toabout 160° C.72. The method of clause 62 wherein during the heating theenzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture is heated to 60° C. to about82.22° C.73. The method of clause 63 further comprising:

adding the pulse-and-grain product to a beverage to provide a productcomposition.

74. The method of clause 73 wherein the beverage is selected from thegroup consisting of fruit juices, dairy beverages, and carbonated softdrinks.75. The method of clause 74 wherein the pulse-and-grain product is addedto the beverage to provide the product composition with 1 to 25% solublefiber based on total weight of the product composition.76. A product composition prepared in accordance with the method ofclause 73, wherein the product composition is a beverage.77. The method of clause 62 further comprising:

adding the pulse-and-grain product to a mixture for a food product.

78. The method of clause 77 wherein the food product is selected fromthe group consisting of bars, cereals, puddings, smoothies, ice cream,cookies, and crackers.79. A composition comprising:

at least a portion of pulse (e.g., whole pulse, whole pulse flour,extruded whole pulse flour);

wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch.

80. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause:

wherein the at least a portion of pulse is hydrolyzed-starch pulse(e.g., beans, peas, chickpeas, etc.) and optionally hydrolyzed-starchwhole pulse comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; and

wherein the hydrolyzed-starch pulse has, within a tolerance of +/−20%(optionally, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or 1%), at least one mass ratio selectedfrom the group consisting of:

a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to a mass ratio of starch toprotein of unhydrolyzed pulse (e.g., pulse comprising gelatinized,unhydrolyzed starch or whole pulse comprising gelatinized, unhydrolyzedstarch) equivalent in kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch pulse;

a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to a mass ratio of fat to proteinof unhydrolyzed pulse equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch pulse;

a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to a mass ratio ofdietary fiber to protein of unhydrolyzed pulse equivalent in kind andcondition to the hydrolyzed-starch pulse; and

any combination thereof.

81. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein, at a time of harvesting the at least a portion of pulse (e.g.,whole pulse), the at least a portion of pulse comprises an original setof components comprising starch and protein, wherein at the time ofharvesting the at least a portion of pulse, the at least a portion ofpulse comprises each component in the original set of components at anoriginal mass ratio relative to the protein;

wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises each component in theoriginal set of components at the original mass ratio relative to theprotein, within a tolerance of +/−20% (optionally 15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or1%);

optionally, wherein the composition comprises at least about 90, 95, 96,97, 98, 99, 99.94 wt. % pulse on a dry basis, about 90 to 99.94 wt. %pulse on a dry basis, or any range formed by values contained within thelisted ranges;

optionally, wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises wholepulse.

82. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,further comprising:

deactivated amylase enzyme (e.g., α-amylase enzyme).

83. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises (optionally, consistsof) pulse (e.g., whole pulse) selected from the group consisting ofpeas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberrybeans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans,pink beans and combinations thereof.84. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein the composition comprises on a dry basis at least about 90 wt. %(optionally, about 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.94 wt. %, or about 90 to99.94, or any range formed by values contained within the listed ranges)of the at least a portion of pulse.85. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein the composition comprises water.86. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein the composition comprises at least 80 wt. % water (for example,from a water-based liquid (e.g., pure water, milk, fruit juice, etc.).87. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein the composition comprises at least about 3.0 wt. % of the atleast a portion of pulse (e.g., whole pulse flour).88. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein the composition comprises at least about 10 wt. % of the atleast a portion of pulse (e.g., whole pulse flour).89. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein the composition comprises about 3.3 wt. % to about 6.6 wt. % ofthe at least a portion of pulse (e.g., whole pulse flour), optionallywherein the composition is a beverage.90. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein the at least a portion of pulse is made by hydrolyzing starch inpulse (e.g., whole pulse).91. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein the composition is a first composition, and wherein the firstcomposition has a viscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25° C.)that is at most 75% (or 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% or 5%) of aviscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25° C.) of a secondcomposition that is equivalent to the first composition except that thesecond composition comprises gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch in placeof gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch.92. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,wherein the composition is a first composition;

wherein the first composition consists of a first set of ingredients;

wherein the first set of ingredients comprises the at least a portion ofpulse and water;

wherein the first composition consists of each ingredient in the firstset of ingredients at a specified weight percentage;

wherein the first composition comprises a viscosity at 25° C. (e.g., anRVA viscosity at 25° C.) that is at most 75% (or 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%,30%, 20%, 10% or 5%) of a viscosity at 25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at25° C.) of a second composition;

wherein the second composition consists of the first set of ingredientsin the specified weight percentages, except that the at least a portionof pulse comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch is replaced with atleast a portion of pulse comprising gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch.

93. The composition of any composition clause listed herein, exceptingthose clauses that are expressly contradictory to the present clause,further comprising:

at least a portion of grain (e.g., starchy endosperm, germ, bran, wholegrain, or whole grain flour); and

wherein the at least a portion of grain comprises gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch.

94. The composition of clause 93:

wherein the at least a portion of grain is hydrolyzed-starch bran (e.g.,oat, rice, wheat, sorghum, etc.) comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzedstarch; and

wherein the hydrolyzed-starch bran has within a tolerance of +/−20%(optionally, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or 1%) at least one mass ratio selectedfrom the group consisting of:

a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to a mass ratio of starch toprotein of unhydrolyzed bran (e.g., bran comprising gelatinized,unhydrolyzed starch) equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch bran;

a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to a mass ratio of fat to proteinof unhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch bran;

a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to a mass ratio ofdietary fiber to protein of unhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind andcondition to the hydrolyzed-starch bran; and

any combination thereof.

95. The composition of clause 94:

wherein the hydrolyzed-starch bran is oat bran;

wherein the oat bran comprises:

at least about 5.5 wt. % beta-glucan on a total dry weight basis (e.g.,after removing any water by dehydrating); and

at least about 16.0 wt. % dietary fiber on a total dry weight basis;

wherein at least one-third of the total dietary fiber is soluble fiber.

96. The composition of clause 93:

wherein the at least a portion of grain is hydrolyzed-starch whole grain(e.g., oat, rice, wheat, sorghum, etc.) comprising gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch; and

wherein the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain has within a tolerance of+/−20% (optionally, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or 1%) at least one mass ratioselected from the group consisting of:

a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to a mass ratio of starch toprotein of unhydrolyzed whole grain equivalent in kind and condition tothe hydrolyzed-starch whole grain;

a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to a mass ratio of fat to proteinof unhydrolyzed whole grain equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch whole grain;

a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to a mass ratio ofdietary fiber to protein of unhydrolyzed whole grain equivalent in kindand condition to the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain; and

any combination thereof.

97. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is whole grain;

wherein, at a time of harvesting the whole grain, the whole graincomprises an original set of components comprising starch, fat, dietaryfiber, and protein,

wherein at the time of harvesting the whole grain, the whole graincomprises each component in the original set of components at anoriginal mass ratio relative to the protein;

wherein the at least a portion of grain comprises each component in theoriginal set of components at the original mass ratio relative to theprotein within a tolerance of +/−20% (optionally, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or1%);

optionally, wherein the composition comprises at least about 90, 95, 96,97, 98, 99, 99.94 wt. % whole grain on a dry basis, about 90 to 99.94wt. % whole grain on a dry basis, or any range formed by valuescontained within the listed ranges.

98. The composition of clause 93,

wherein the at least a portion of grain is hydrolyzed-starch whole grain(e.g., whole grain flour ground from a whole grain);

wherein the at least a portion of grain comprises caryopses (e.g.,intact, ground, cracked, or flaked);

wherein the caryopses comprise principal anatomical components;

wherein the principal anatomical components consist of starchyendosperm, germ, and bran;

wherein the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain has within a tolerance of+/−20% (optionally, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2% or 1%) at least one mass ratioselected from the group consisting of:

a mass ratio of germ to endosperm equivalent to a mass ratio of germ toendosperm of unhydrolyzed intact caryopses of the same kind andcondition as the caryopses of the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain;

a mass ratio of bran to endosperm equivalent to a mass ratio of bran toendosperm of unhydrolyzed intact caryopses of the same kind andcondition as the caryopses of the hydrolyzed-starch whole grain; and

any combination thereof;

optionally, wherein the composition comprises at least about 90, 95, 96,97, 98, 99, 99.94 wt. % hydrolyzed starch whole grain on a dry basis,about 90 to 99.94 wt. % hydrolyzed-starch whole grain on a dry basis, orany range formed by values contained within the listed ranges.

99. The composition of clause 93, further comprising:

deactivated amylase enzyme (e.g., α-amylase).

100. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is an extruded whole grain flour.101. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain comprises whole grain selected from the group consisting of wheat,oat, barley, corn, white rice, brown rice, barley, millet, sorghum, rye,triticale, teff, spelt, buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, kaniwa, cockscomb,green groat (e.g., dehulled oats that are not heat treated by kilning orotherwise) and combinations thereof.102. The composition of clause 93, wherein the composition comprises(optionally, comprises on a dry basis about 90 to 99.94 wt. %, at leastabout 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.94 wt. %, or any range formed usingthese values as endpoints) a combination of pulse flour (e.g., wholepulse flour) and whole grain flour.103. The composition of clause 93, wherein the composition compriseswater.104. The composition of clause 93, wherein the composition comprises atleast about 80 wt. % water (for example, from a water-based liquid(e.g., pure water, milk, fruit juice, etc.)).105. The composition of clause 93, wherein the composition comprises atleast about 1 wt. % of the at least a portion of grain (e.g., wholegrain flour).106. The composition of clause 93, wherein the composition comprisesabout 6.6 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of the at least a portion of grain(e.g., whole grain flour), optionally about 6.6 wt. % to about 12 wt. %or about 12 wt. % to about 15 wt. %.107. The composition of clause 93, wherein the composition comprisesabout 3.3 wt. % to about 6.6 wt. % of the at least a portion of grain(e.g., whole grain flour).108. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is whole grain flour; and

wherein the whole grain flour is made by hydrolyzing a whole grain.

109. The composition of clause 93, wherein the composition is a firstcomposition, and wherein the first composition has a viscosity at 25° C.(e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25° C.) that is at most (e.g., no more than)75% (optionally, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% or 5%) of a viscosityat 25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25° C.) of a second compositionthat is equivalent to the first composition except that the secondcomposition comprises gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch in place ofgelatinized, hydrolyzed starch.110. The composition of clause 93, wherein the composition is a firstcomposition;

wherein the first composition consists of a first set of ingredients;

wherein the first set of ingredients comprises the at least a portion ofpulse, the at least a portion of grain, and water;

wherein the first composition consists of each ingredient in the firstset of ingredients at a specified weight percentage;

wherein the first composition comprises a viscosity at 25° C. (e.g., anRVA viscosity at 25° C.) that is at most (e.g., no more than) 75%(optionally, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% or 5%) of a viscosity at25° C. (e.g., an RVA viscosity at 25° C.) of a second composition;

wherein the second composition consists of the first set of ingredientsin the specified weight percentages, except that the at least a portionof pulse comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch is replaced with atleast a portion of pulse comprising gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch,and except that the at least a portion of grain comprising gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch is replaced with at least a portion of graincomprising gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch.

111. The composition of clause 93, wherein the average molecular weightof the gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch molecules in the composition is afraction of the molecular weight of gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starchmolecules equivalent (e.g., in kind and condition) to the gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch molecules, except that the gelatinized, unhydrolyzedstarch molecules have not been hydrolyzed;

wherein the fraction is selected from the group consisting of about 0.90to 0.47, 0.80 to 0.47, 0.70 to 0.47, 0.60 to 0.47, 0.50 to 0.47, lessthan about 0.90, less than about 0.80, less than about 0.70, less thanabout 0.60, and less than about 0.50.

112. The composition of clause 93, wherein the average molecular weightof the gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch molecules in the at least aportion of grain is a fraction of the molecular weight of gelatinized,unhydrolyzed starch molecules equivalent (e.g., in kind and condition)to the gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch molecules in the at least aportion of grain, except that the gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starchmolecules have not been hydrolyzed;

wherein the fraction is selected from the group consisting of about 0.90to 0.47, 0.80 to 0.47, 0.70 to 0.47, 0.60 to 0.47, 0.50 to 0.47, lessthan about 0.90, less than about 0.80, less than about 0.70, less thanabout 0.60, and less than about 0.50.

113. The composition of clause 93, wherein the average molecular weightof the gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch molecules in the at least aportion of pulse is a fraction of the molecular weight of gelatinized,unhydrolyzed starch molecules equivalent (e.g., in kind and condition)to the gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch molecules in the at least aportion of pulse, except that the gelatinized, unhydrolyzed starchmolecules have not been hydrolyzed;

wherein the fraction is selected from the group consisting of about 0.90to 0.47, 0.80 to 0.47, 0.70 to 0.47, 0.60 to 0.47, 0.50 to 0.47, lessthan about 0.90, less than about 0.80, less than about 0.70, less thanabout 0.60, and less than about 0.50.

114. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is green groat;

wherein solid particles in the composition (or the at least a portion ofgrain) are characterized by at least one particle size distributioncriterion selected from the group of particle size distribution criteriaconsisting of:

a first criterion that 10% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 37.2 microns (e.g., no more than about33.8 microns);

a second criterion that 50% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 131.7 microns (e.g., no more than about119.7 microns);

a third criterion that 90% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 262.1 microns (e.g., no more than about238.2 microns);

a fourth criterion that the solid particles have a volume-weightedaverage particle size no more than about 143.4 microns (e.g., no morethan about 130.3 microns, or from about 117.2 to about 143.4 microns);and

any combination thereof;

optionally, wherein the particle size is the average equivalentspherical diameter of a particle on a volume-weighted basis as measuredusing laser-diffraction-based, particle-size measurement equipment(e.g., a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 equipped with a multi-angle log-spaceddiode array type of detector), and wherein an equivalent sphericaldiameter of the particle is determined by calculating the diameter of asphere that would cause a measured result (e.g., a measured lightdiffraction) for the particle.

115. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is HiFi variety oat (e.g., HiFi variety oat registered under thePlant Protection Act, with certificate number 200300193 to NDSU Researchfoundation, having a mean groat protein content of about 18.7 wt. % drybasis and a mean groat Beta-glucan content of about 6.42 wt. % drybasis);

wherein solid particles in the composition (or the at least a portion ofgrain) are characterized by at least one particle size distributioncriterion selected from the group of particle size distribution criteriaconsisting of:

a first criterion that 10% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 27.2 microns (e.g., no more than about24.7 microns);

a second criterion that 50% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 90.9 microns (e.g., no more than about82.6 microns);

a third criterion that 90% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 199.8 microns (e.g., no more than about181.6 microns);

a fourth criterion that the solid particles have a volume-weightedaverage particle size no more than about 104.0 microns (e.g., no morethan about 94.5 microns, or from about 85.0 to about 104.0 microns); and

any combination thereof.

116. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is oat bran;

wherein solid particles in the composition (or the at least a portion ofgrain) are characterized by at least one particle size distributioncriterion selected from the group of particle size distribution criteriaconsisting of:

a first criterion that 10% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 43.4 microns (e.g., no more than about39.4 microns);

a second criterion that 50% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 155.4 microns (e.g., no more than about141.2 microns);

a third criterion that 90% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 300.9 microns (e.g., no more than about273.5 microns);

a fourth criterion that the solid particles have a volume-weightedaverage particle size no more than about 166.7 microns (e.g., no morethan about 151.5 microns, or from about 136.3 to about 166.7 microns);and

any combination thereof.

117. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is brown rice;

wherein solid particles in the composition (or the at least a portion ofgrain) are characterized by at least one particle size distributioncriterion selected from the group of particle size distribution criteriaconsisting of:

a first criterion that 10% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 48.4 microns (e.g., no more than about44.0 microns);

a second criterion that 50% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 157.8 microns (e.g., no more than about143.4 microns);

a third criterion that 90% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 320.7 microns (e.g., no more than about291.5 microns);

a fourth criterion that the solid particles have a volume-weightedaverage particle size no more than about 173.6 microns (e.g., no morethan about 157.8 microns, or from about 142.0 to about 173.6 microns);and

any combination thereof.

118. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is white rice;

wherein solid particles in the composition (or the at least a portion ofgrain) are characterized by at least one particle size distributioncriterion selected from the group of particle size distribution criteriaconsisting of:

a first criterion that 10% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 62.1 microns (e.g., no more than about56.4 microns);

a second criterion that 50% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 170.9 microns (e.g., no more than about155.3 microns);

a third criterion that 90% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 329.4 microns (e.g., no more than about299.4 microns);

a fourth criterion that the solid particles have a volume-weightedaverage particle size no more than about 185.3 microns (e.g., no morethan about 168.4 microns, or from about 151.5 to about 185.3 microns);and

any combination thereof.

119. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is RM blend (e.g., about 70 wt. % oat, 10 wt. % barley, 10 wt. %rye and 10 wt. % wheat with a tolerance of +/−10% of the wt. % of eachcereal grain component);

wherein solid particles in the composition (or the at least a portion ofgrain) are characterized by at least one particle size distributioncriterion selected from the group of particle size distribution criteriaconsisting of:

a first criterion that 10% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 46.6 microns (e.g., no more than about42.3 microns);

a second criterion that 50% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 153.4 microns (e.g., no more than about139.4 microns);

a third criterion that 90% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 285.4 microns (e.g., no more than about259.4 microns);

a fourth criterion that the solid particles have a volume-weightedaverage particle size no more than about 162.1 microns (e.g., no morethan about 147.3 microns, or from about 132.5 to about 162.1 microns);and

any combination thereof.

120. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is barley; wherein solid particles in the composition (or the atleast a portion of grain) are characterized by at least one particlesize distribution criterion selected from the group of particle sizedistribution criteria consisting of:

a first criterion that 10% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 57.2 microns (e.g., no more than about52.0 microns);

a second criterion that 50% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 203.7 microns (e.g., no more than about185.1 microns);

a third criterion that 90% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 370.4 microns (e.g., no more than about336.7 microns);

a fourth criterion that the solid particles have a volume-weightedaverage particle size no more than about 212.8 microns (e.g., no morethan about 193.4 microns, or from about 174.0 to about 212.8 microns);and

any combination thereof.

121. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is quinoa;

wherein solid particles in the composition (or the at least a portion ofgrain) are characterized by at least one particle size distributioncriterion selected from the group of particle size distribution criteriaconsisting of:

a first criterion that 10% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 60.8 microns (e.g., no more than about55.2 microns);

a second criterion that 50% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 166.0 microns (e.g., no more than about150.9 microns);

a third criterion that 90% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 298.4 microns (e.g., no more than about271.2 microns);

a fourth criterion that the solid particles have a volume-weightedaverage particle size no more than about 174.9 microns (e.g., no morethan about 159.0 microns, or from about 143.1 to about 174.9 microns);and

any combination thereof.

122. The composition of clause 93, wherein the at least a portion ofgrain is 50 wt. % oat and 50 wt. % yellow pea;

wherein solid particles in the composition (or the at least a portion ofgrain) are characterized by at least one particle size distributioncriterion selected from the group of particle size distribution criteriaconsisting of:

a first criterion that 10% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 42.8 microns (e.g., no more than about38.9 microns);

a second criterion that 50% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 143.3 microns (e.g., no more than about130.2 microns);

a third criterion that 90% by volume of the solid particles have aparticle size no more than about 274.6 microns (e.g., no more than about249.6 microns);

a fourth criterion that the solid particles have a volume-weightedaverage particle size no more than about 153.2 microns (e.g., no morethan about 139.2 microns, or from about 125.2 to about 153.2 microns);and

any combination thereof.

123. The composition of clause 93,

wherein a 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of a measuredcomposition is a dynamic viscosity of a dispersion comprising themeasured composition taken at about 25° C. immediately after performingthe following steps in the following order:

forming a mixture consisting essentially of (or consisting of) themeasured composition, about 0.5 wt. % tocopherol (which can be presentin the measured composition or added if not present), a specific weightpercentage of deactivated α-amylase (which can be present in themeasured composition or added if not present), and a remainder of water,wherein the mixture comprises about 6 wt. % dry solids;

mixing the mixture by turning a shaft with a paddle at 500 rpm (e.g.,for about 5 seconds) until the measured composition, the tocopherol, andthe deactivated α-amylase have absorbed an equilibrium amount of thewater and are fully dispersed in the water to form the dispersion (e.g.,homogeneous mixture, to avoid clumps that can cause viscositymeasurement errors);

heating the dispersion from room temperature (e.g. 25° C.) to about 95°C. over about 1 minute while mixing the dispersion by turning a shaftwith a paddle at 160 rpm;

holding the dispersion at about 95° C. for about 11 minutes while mixingthe dispersion by turning a shaft with a paddle at 160 rpm;

cooling the dispersion from about 95° C. to about 70° C. over about 1minute while mixing the dispersion by turning a shaft with a paddle at160 rpm;

holding the dispersion at about 70° C. for about 5 minutes while mixingthe dispersion by turning a shaft with a paddle at 160 rpm;

cooling the dispersion from about 70° C. to about 25° C. over about 8minutes while mixing the dispersion by turning a shaft with a paddle at160 rpm;

holding the dispersion at about 25 C for about 6 minutes while mixingthe dispersion by turning a shaft with a paddle at 160 rpm;

wherein the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of the at least aportion of grain is no more than about 90% (optionally 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% or 5%) of the 6 wt. % standardized dynamicviscosity of a reference sample that is equivalent to (e.g., of the samekind and/or condition, as) the at least a portion of grain, except thatthe reference sample comprises unhydrolyzed starch in place of thehydrolyzed starch of the at least a portion of grain.

124. The composition of clause 123,

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain green groatflour;

wherein the specific weight percentage of the deactivated α-amylase isabout 0.12 wt. %; and

wherein the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of the at least aportion of grain is no more than about 90% (optionally, 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, or 31%) of the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of thereference sample.

125. The composition of clause 123,

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain HiFi variety oatflour;

wherein the specific weight percentage of the deactivated α-amylase isabout 0.12 wt. %; and

wherein the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of the at least aportion of grain is no more than about 90% (optionally, 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 17%) of the 6 wt. % standardized dynamicviscosity of the reference sample.

126. The composition of clause 123,

wherein the at least a portion of grain is oat bran flour;

wherein the specific weight percentage of the deactivated α-amylase isabout 0.12 wt. %; and

wherein the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of the at least aportion of grain is no more than about 90% (optionally, 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 17%) of the 6 wt. % standardized dynamicviscosity of the reference sample.

127. The composition of clause 123,

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain brown rice flour;

wherein the specific weight percentage of the deactivated α-amylase isabout 0.06 wt. %; and

wherein the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of the at least aportion of grain is no more than about 90% (optionally, 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 15%) of the 6 wt. % standardized dynamicviscosity of the reference sample.

128. The composition of clause 123,

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain white rice flour;

wherein the specific weight percentage of the deactivated α-amylase isabout 0.06 wt. %; and

wherein the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of the at least aportion of grain is no more than about 90% (optionally, 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, or 7.6%) of the 6 wt. % standardized dynamicviscosity of the reference sample.

129. The composition of clause 123,

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain RM blend flour;

wherein the specific weight percentage of the deactivated α-amylase isabout 0.15 wt. %; and

wherein the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of the at least aportion of grain is no more than about 90% (optionally, 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, 30%, or 20%) of the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity ofthe reference sample.

130. The composition of clause 123,

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain barley flour;

wherein the specific weight percentage of the deactivated α-amylase isabout 0.096 wt. %; and

wherein the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of the at least aportion of grain is no more than about 90% (optionally, 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, or 8.0%) of the 6 wt. % standardized dynamicviscosity of the reference sample.

131. The composition of clause 123,

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain quinoa flour;

wherein the specific weight percentage of the deactivated α-amylase isabout 0.1 wt. %; and

wherein the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of the at least aportion of grain is no more than about 90% (optionally, 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, or 39%) of the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of thereference sample.

132. The composition of clause 123,

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain amaranth flour;

wherein the specific weight percentage of the deactivated α-amylase isabout 0.1 wt. %; and

wherein the 6 wt. % standardized dynamic viscosity of the at least aportion of grain is no more than about 90% (optionally, 80%, 70%, 60%,50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 12%) of the 6 wt. % standardized dynamicviscosity of the reference sample.

133. The composition of clause 93:

a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to about 3.51-4.87 (e.g., withina tolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of starchto protein);

a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to about 0.39-0.58 (e.g., within atolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of fat toprotein);

a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to about 0.61-0.84 (e.g.,within a tolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio ofdietary fiber to protein); and

any combination thereof.

134. The composition of clause 93:

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain wheat comprisinggelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; and

wherein the at least a portion of grain comprises at least one massratio selected from the group consisting of:

a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to about 4.61-6.28 (e.g., withina tolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of starchto protein);

a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to about 0.19-0.20 (e.g., within atolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of fat toprotein);

a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to about 0.81-1.36 (e.g.,within a tolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio ofdietary fiber to protein); and

any combination thereof.

135. The composition of clause 93:

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain rice (e.g., brownrice) comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; and

wherein the at least a portion of grain comprises at least one massratio selected from the group consisting of:

a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to about 9.55-9.85 (e.g., withina tolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of starchto protein);

a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to about 0.38-0.42 (e.g., within atolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of fat toprotein);

a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to about 0.48-0.64 (e.g.,within a tolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio ofdietary fiber to protein); and

any combination thereof.

136. The composition of clause 93:

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain rye comprisinggelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; and

wherein the at least a portion of grain comprises at least one massratio selected from the group consisting of:

a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to about 5.78 (e.g., within atolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of starch toprotein);

a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to about 0.16 (e.g., within atolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of fat toprotein);

a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to about 1.46 (e.g.,within a tolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio ofdietary fiber to protein); and

any combination thereof.

137. The composition of clause 93:

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain barley comprisinggelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; and

wherein the at least a portion of grain comprises at least one massratio selected from the group consisting of:

a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to about 4.44 (e.g., within atolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of starch toprotein);

a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to about 0.18 (e.g., within atolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of fat toprotein);

a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to about 1.39 (e.g.,within a tolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio ofdietary fiber to protein); and

any combination thereof.

138. The composition of clause 93:

wherein the at least a portion of grain is whole grain sorghumcomprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; and

wherein the at least a portion of grain comprises at least one massratio selected from the group consisting of:

a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to about 5.92-8.08 (e.g., withina tolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of starchto protein);

a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to about 0.33-0.40 (e.g., within atolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio of fat toprotein);

a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein equal to about 0.63-0.78 (e.g.,within a tolerance of +/−30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the mass ratio ofdietary fiber to protein); and

any combination thereof.

139. A composition according to any method clause listed herein.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that various changes in form and detail can be madetherein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.Accordingly, the invention can be embodied in other specific formswithout departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof.The foregoing embodiments, therefore, are to be considered in allrespects illustrative rather than limiting the invention describedherein. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variationsas appropriate, and the inventors intend the invention to be practicedotherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, thisinvention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subjectmatter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in allpossible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: combining at least a portionof pulse and a suitable enzyme to form an enzyme-pulse starting mixture,wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises starch; heating theenzyme-pulse starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. and about93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch, thereby providing a heatedpulse mixture; and extruding the heated pulse mixture to continuehydrolyzing the starch and further to gelatinize and cook the heatedpulse mixture thereby providing a pulse product comprising gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the enzyme-pulsestarting mixture further comprises sugar and at least one antioxidant;and wherein the pulse is selected from the group consisting of peas,lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans, cranberry beans,kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brown beans, pinkbeans, and any combination thereof.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein theenzyme-pulse starting mixture further comprises a maltodextrin.
 4. Themethod of claim 1: wherein the at least a portion of pulse is pulseflour; wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture comprises: a mass ratioof sugar to pulse flour from about 0.03 to about 0.3; a mass ratio ofmaltodextrin to pulse flour from about 0 to about 0.3; and an effectiveamount of at least one antioxidant.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein thepulse flour is whole pulse flour.
 6. The method of claim 4 wherein apulse starting mixture comprises the at least a portion of pulse;wherein the pulse starting mixture is combined with the suitable enzymeto form the enzyme-pulse starting mixture; and wherein the pulsestarting mixture comprises about 90 to about 95% by weight pulse flour.7. The method of claim 1 further comprising pelletizing the pulseproduct to form pelletized pulse product.
 8. The method of claim 7further comprising granulating the pelletized pulse product to formgranulated pulse product.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the extrudingoccurs at a barrel temperature of about 60.00° C. to about 176.67° C.10. The method of claim 1 wherein during the extruding the heated pulsemixture is heated to a temperature of about 100° C. to about 176.67° C.11. The method of claim 1 wherein during the heating the enzyme-pulsestarting mixture is heated to 60° C. to about 82.2° C.
 12. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising: adding the pulse product to a beverage toprovide a product composition.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein thebeverage is selected from the group consisting of fruit juices, dairybeverages, and carbonated soft drinks.
 14. The method of claim 13wherein the pulse product is added to the beverage to provide theproduct composition with 1 to 25% soluble fiber based on total weight ofthe product composition.
 15. A product composition prepared inaccordance with the method of claim 12, wherein the product compositionis a beverage.
 16. The method of claim 1 further comprising: adding thepulse product to a mixture for a food product.
 17. The method of claim16 wherein the food product is selected from the group consisting ofbars, cereals, puddings, smoothies, ice cream, cookies, and crackers.18. The method of claim 1: wherein the combining step comprisescombining the at least a portion of pulse, at least a portion of grain,and the suitable enzyme to form the enzyme-pulse starting mixture;wherein the enzyme-pulse starting mixture is an enzyme-pulse-and-grainstarting mixture; wherein the heating step comprises heating theenzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture to between about 48.89° C. andabout 93.33° C. to begin to hydrolyze the starch, thereby providing aheated pulse-and-grain mixture; and wherein the extruding step comprisesextruding the heated pulse-and-grain mixture to continue hydrolyzing thestarch and further to gelatinize and cook the heated pulse-and-grainmixture thereby providing a pulse-and-grain product comprisinggelatinized, hydrolyzed starch.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein theenzyme-pulse-and-grain starting mixture further comprises sugar and atleast one antioxidant; wherein the pulse is selected from the groupconsisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, black turtle beans,cranberry beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small red beans, Dutch brownbeans, pink beans, and any combination thereof; and wherein the grain isselected from the group consisting of wheat, oat, barley, corn, whiterice, brown rice, barley, millet, sorghum, rye, triticale, teff, spelt,buckwheat, quinoa, amaranth, kaniwa, cockscomb, green groat, and anycombination thereof.
 20. A composition comprising: at least a portion ofpulse; wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch.
 21. The composition of claim 20: wherein the at leasta portion of pulse is hydrolyzed-starch pulse comprising gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch; and wherein the hydrolyzed-starch pulse has, within atolerance of +/−20%, at least one mass ratio selected from the groupconsisting of: a mass ratio of starch to protein equal to a mass ratioof starch to protein of unhydrolyzed pulse equivalent in kind andcondition to the hydrolyzed-starch pulse; a mass ratio of fat to proteinequal to a mass ratio of fat to protein of unhydrolyzed pulse equivalentin kind and condition to the hydrolyzed-starch pulse; a mass ratio ofdietary fiber to protein equal to a mass ratio of dietary fiber toprotein of unhydrolyzed pulse equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch pulse; and any combination thereof.
 22. Thecomposition of claim 20, wherein, at a time of harvesting the at least aportion of pulse, the at least a portion of pulse comprises an originalset of components comprising starch and protein, wherein at the time ofharvesting the at least a portion of pulse, the at least a portion ofpulse comprises each component in the original set of components at anoriginal mass ratio relative to the protein; wherein the at least aportion of pulse comprises each component in the original set ofcomponents at the original mass ratio relative to the protein, within atolerance of +/−20%.
 23. The composition of claim 20, furthercomprising: deactivated amylase enzyme.
 24. The composition of claim 20,wherein the at least a portion of pulse comprises pulse selected fromthe group consisting of peas, lentils, chickpeas, navy beans, blackturtle beans, cranberry beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, small redbeans, Dutch brown beans, pink beans and combinations thereof.
 25. Thecomposition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises on a drybasis at least about 90 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse. 26.The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises water.27. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises atleast 80 wt. % water.
 28. The composition of claim 20, wherein thecomposition comprises at least about 3.0 wt. % of the at least a portionof pulse.
 29. The composition of claim 20, wherein the compositioncomprises at least about 10 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse.30. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises about3.3 wt. % to about 6.6 wt. % of the at least a portion of pulse.
 31. Thecomposition of claim 20, wherein the at least a portion of pulse is madeby hydrolyzing starch in pulse.
 32. The composition of claim 20, whereinthe composition is a first composition, and wherein the firstcomposition has an RVA viscosity at 25° C. that is at most 75% of an RVAviscosity at 25° C. of a second composition that is equivalent to thefirst composition except that the second composition comprisesgelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch in place of gelatinized, hydrolyzedstarch.
 33. The composition of claim 20 wherein the composition is afirst composition; wherein the first composition consists of a first setof ingredients; wherein the first set of ingredients comprises the atleast a portion of pulse and water; wherein the first compositionconsists of each ingredient in the first set of ingredients at aspecified weight percentage; wherein the first composition comprises anRVA viscosity at 25° C. that is at most 75% of an RVA viscosity at 25°C. of a second composition; wherein the second composition consists ofthe first set of ingredients in the specified weight percentages, exceptthat the at least a portion of pulse comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzedstarch is replaced with at least a portion of pulse comprisinggelatinized, unhydrolyzed starch.
 34. The composition of claim 20further comprising: at least a portion of grain; and wherein the atleast a portion of grain comprises gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch. 35.The composition of claim 34: wherein the at least a portion of grain ishydrolyzed-starch bran comprising gelatinized, hydrolyzed starch; andwherein the hydrolyzed-starch bran has within a tolerance of +/−20% atleast one mass ratio selected from the group consisting of: a mass ratioof starch to protein equal to a mass ratio of starch to protein ofunhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch bran; a mass ratio of fat to protein equal to a massratio of fat to protein of unhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind andcondition to the hydrolyzed-starch bran; a mass ratio of dietary fiberto protein equal to a mass ratio of dietary fiber to protein ofunhydrolyzed bran equivalent in kind and condition to thehydrolyzed-starch bran; and any combination thereof.
 36. A compositioncomprising: whole grain; wherein the whole grain comprises gelatinized,hydrolyzed starch.